Children and adults Essay Example for Free

Children and braggys EssayThe Effective Early Learning Project based at Worcester University highlights two slipway in which vaingloriouss can help children progress The first is the way the bounteous encourages the child to be autonomous, to get on and try new things The second, is the way the adult offers experiences which ar stimulating, challenging and interesting. Adults need to be a supporting factor when the child is in a risky environment.Children and adults alike enjoy climbing trees adults hit the sack when they are too high as do children. This is a whole other debate in terms of nature or nurture debate. This is where we could search the idea of children learning to be safe when risk taking or is it already there. Stephenson (2003) wrote about a child on a swing, Swinging was in truth popular with these younger children, but more often than the older children their reactions indicated that they felt unsafe and wanted the swing slowed down. at that personatef ore the child has taken the risk, has agreed a boundary, enjoyed the activity and acknowledged the safety aspect. The adult was there to ensure the safety and also make the activity a positive one by macrocosm readily available.Children must face all different kinds of risks in order to support their development and learning. Stine (1997) wrote that to support their learning and development is a complex issue. There always has to be provision for a tangible challenge. More and more educational settings are using outdoor play/activity to challenge the children. Although, what is an unimpeachable risk to one person, may be completely the opposite of another. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) write that outdoor space needs to be available most of the time They come to that, safety is the only consideration for keeping children in doors.Children can shade safe in risk taking environments and activities in many ways. Initially the adult to child ratio, with a high number of adults children c an be back up and helped to achieve. Secondly by minimising, if possible, the risk aspect. This could be ensuring the activity is a positive and satisfying environment. Thirdly by giving the children all the opportunities available for physical risk taking, children need a stimulating and challenging environment. And finally, a well maintained remnant between the childs safety and the challenge of the activity. In an educational setting, an adult carer will go to the risk area and carry out an assessment.They will check the lane to be taken, dangers in the area and also any area that poses extreme concern. An adult carer should also think about the child to adult ratio. A local anaesthetic nursery allows children to climb trees. Due to the child to adult ratio, the nursery feels that the level of risk posed can be curtailed by having by having the children supervised and supported through the activity by adults. The children are therefore enjoying the activity of risk taking, a s well as feeling safe in knowing an adult is available to help at any time.Another factor that the adult carer should be aware of is the idea of making a childs environment completely hazard free. Therefore taking away any risk or danger. Walsh (1993) thought that children in an environment that is completely safe could become bored and this could lead to self initiated risk taking that could be dangerous. Durberry (2001) felt that children who grow up in an ultra safe environment would lack confidence in their own physical ability. This would be due to the poor opportunities for the children to build and extend upon their exiting knowledge. He continued that children had to be both confident and competent physically in order to feel competent emotionally.The ideals on risk taking vary from culture to culture. Although the main aim remains the same. The child needs to remain safe, but feel they are being challenged and stimulated. To minimise hazards there needs to be a high adul t to child ratio. Children need opportunities to explore and do so independently. Over the cobblers last decade, the childs freedom of choice has been limited. Adult carers are sometimes over anxious about letting the child experiment with risk taking. The procedures and guidelines that are in place give the adult carer a frame work on which to base their activities upon. The adult carer should exploit and become fluent in the procedures and guidelines in place. This in put to work will provide groundwork for safe risk taking.BibliographySmith, P., Cowie, H. Blades, M. (2003) Understanding Childrens Development, London Blackwell Publishing.Bruce, T. Meggitt, C. (2002) Childcare Education, London Hodder Stoughton.DfEE (2003) Early Years (Volume 23, Number 1), London Taylor Francis

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy Essay Example for Free

The Role of Slavery in papistic Comedy EssayA Hellenic comedic playwright named Menander wrote a play with the same title. Since Menanders version is lost, historians arent sure how original Terences version is. We can suspect that at least(prenominal) some of Terences version is merely a translation or a very slightly edited form of Menanders. One of the close to go on estimates in Greek and Roman Theater is that of the police captain and the buckle down. Almost every play by Plautus contained the cunning break ones back who outwitted or ridiculed his masters action. George Duckworth described this relationship saying, It is dangerously possible that in real life ancient slaves had as much go offdom as the slaves of Roman comedy, nor could they have been as outspoken and as impudent, (Duckworth 288). Themes such as this sought to diminish the harsh reality of slavery and racism through comedy. Because Plutarch and Terence depicted slaves more as free men than as priso ners, their comedies fought the traditional ideas of slavery and discrimination. Before discussing slavery in Roman plays, it is important to know the customs of the Roman Theater.All Roman citizens attended the theater for free, because either the city funded the play, or a wealthy, individual citizen paid for the production. These individuals might be running for an upcoming election, so they provided entertainment to the Roman heap to gain favor with them. The better the play, the better their reputation would be. In general, the Romans of the time, combat and bloodshed were of the utmost desires for entertainment. The more realistic and gruesome the event, the more they enjoyed themselves.At the time, women were non allowed to have roles in the theater, and in the beginning stages of Roman Theater, women could not even attend the productions. Young boys played the female roles instead. But most interestingly, slaves usually make up the entire cast of a Roman production. There are twenty surviving plays written by Plautus. The first instance of a slave acting out of character is in the play Captivi. In this play, Philopolemus, an Aetolian is captured and s gray-headed into slavery under an Elean doctor.His father, Hegio proceeds to buy many Elean slaves to trade for his son. He ends up buying a well-known Elean named Philocrates, who is accompanied by his own slave, Tyndarus. Hegio plans to send the master back to Elis to facilitate the trade. But Tyndarus and Philocrates switched identities, which would have caused the deal to fall through. Hegio is infuriated, and orders Tyndarus to the quarries. David Konstan explains the theme of this play as, the conflict between a stern, conventional father and a son driven to defiance by the irresistible force of erotic passion.A common figure in these plays is the household slave, who risks the displeasure of his senior masterin order to advance the amatory interests of the junior, (Konstan 59). Instead of the gen eral storyline, Philocrates is the senior master because he is the original owner of Tyndarus. Hegio is the junior master because he has only recently obtained Tyndarus. Hegio still holds all power over Tyndarus, though, and this act of defiance would unremarkably be punished with death for the perpetrator. Instead, Hegio is convinced by Tyndarus that his actions were purely out of loyalty, and not to offend Hegio.Hegio respects this and decides to let him live. another(prenominal) famous play by Plautus that contains the role of the cunning slave who is not punished justly is Rudens. Gripus, the slave of a unforesightful man that lives on the coast comes across a treasure chest while fishing, and dreams of what he will do with his spoils, explaining that he will buy his freedom and become a tyrant with his immense wealth. Another slave, Trachalio comes along, though, and claims that if Gripus doesnt split the treasure with him, then he will report Gripus to the original owner of the treasure.Gripus argues that the treasure is his because the sea belongs to no one, and consequently that which is recovered from the sea belongs to the finder. Trachalio suggests they settle the argument by talking to Gripus owner Daemones. Daemones sides with Trachalio, who wanted the treasure not for himself, but for the original owner, Palaestra. Daemones then chides Gripus for his selfishness, Daemones angrily sends him into the house and complains about the poor quality of slaves luckily, he reflects, Gripus didnt meet another want himself, or both would have been implicated in the crime, (Konstan 84).Trachalio is the cunning slave in this example, and he, care Tyndarus, is not motivated by selfish reasons, but by doing what is right. This is the reason why the cunning slave is celebrated in Roman Theater. Duckworth describes the attitude of this slave as, the freedom and insolence of the comic slaves, their immunity from serious punishment, their happy-go-luck existence combine to paint a picture of slave life that bears little relation to reality, (Duckworth 290). In his essay entitle Comic Shackles, Ulrike Roth elaborates on this point saying, But Getas concern is not evidence for the employment of chained labour on the land.Both Plautus and Terence, then, do not employ the image of the chained slave for work on the land of Roman slave owners, (Roth). The slaves dont actually suffer any torture throughout the course of the productions. In reality, the Roman master surely would have punished his slave for even the most minor mistakes, just to keep his reputation as a man in power. Duckworth says that, however much the slaves of comedy refer to whips and chains, to the mill and the quarry and the cross, they seldom experience them in the plays.The frequent use by slaves of epithets like mastigia, furcifer, uerbero, verbereum caput, as terms of banter or abuse does not mean that the slaves are necessarily referring to punishments which they or thei r fellow-slaves have themselves undergone, (Duckworth 290). Plautus and Terence do not want to show the truth about slavery of the time in their productions. This may be so that they didnt insult anyone by generalizing what most Romans did. If a play was poorly received, then the citizen who invested in the production would likely destroy the name of the playwright.Duckworth explains that, when the intrigue is direct against a pompous soldier or a rascally leno, the slaves machinations have the approval of the other characters and the sympathy of the spectators. Such trickery is in(predicate) and there is no question of punishment, (Duckworth 288). When the audience is on the side of the trickster, there is no need for punishment in the eyes of the audience. This technique is essential in Roman theater. It makes the slave, a degenerate type in the eyes of most Romans, the hero of the play an integral part in the outcome of the story. Just like in Miles Gloriosus.Plautus writes abou t the character of Palaestrio as another example of this motif. He plots and schemes against his new master Pyrgopolynices in order to return the kidnapped Philocomasium to his former master, Pleusicles. Pleusicles hides with an old man next door after receiving a letter from Palaestrio about their location. Palaestrio crafts an opening in the wall so that the female child can visit her consecutive love behind the soldiers back. The plan almost fails when another slave sees the girl with another man, but through his craftiness Palaestrio manages to convince him it was the girls visiting twin sister.He then enlists the help of a courtesan to stand in for the neighbours wife and seduces the soldier so he will set the girl free. The ruse is successful, and Palaestrio escapes with his old master and the girl. The freedom that Palaestrio has in this play is something to be desired by all slaves. The concomitant that he could find paper to write a letter to his master in secret and tha t he could even write at all is hard to imagine of a slave during this time period. But his defiance of the unjust soldier Pyrgopolynices is admired by the audience because he is one of the main characters.This portrait of the life of a slave is not one of reality, but it does make for good entertainment. The pardoning of slaves and the cunning slave are two important motifs in Roman theater. Duckworth states, Angry threatsare not to be taken seriously. They are more useful in portraying the comic aspects of a young mans impatience or an old mans wrath than in throwing light upon the relation of master and slave in antiquity, (Duckworth 289). The slave is usually meant to be a beloved character that either encourages the main character to do what is right or is the main character himself.

Sales promotions

gross revenue onward motionsIn the United Kingdom, most of the companies that ar bonk as the big advertise spenders every(prenominal)ocate more notes on gross gross gross gross sales, packagings than advertizement. Due to the movement towards relationship marketing and integrated marketing dialogues, growth of send out mail and increasing cost, publicizing lost its dominant importance everyplace other communion mix in last two decades. The ratio of advertising budget against advancements budget is 3070 (advertising promotions) which was 6040 in 1990s in UK (Kotler, 1997). This fact belowlines the importance of sales promotions. However, sales promotions fail to be successful unless they argon clearly targeted, hearty communicated and original.Companies muckle use sales promotions for different purposes much(prenominal) as increasing a particular merchandises rule, improving sales of be product, retaining and rewarding loyal clients and supporting to int roduce in the raw products, data capturing. Depending on the time and the way that these sales promotions methods be employed, they could be tactical or strategic light beams (Pickton Broderick, 2001). More often sales promotions are used as tactical assholes to have soon termination outcomes- for example, as a response to competitors drill or improving the sales of a product or emolument. Alternatively, some sale promotional techniques crowd out be combined with guest relationship forethought programmes which seek more strategic and abundant term approaches (Hackley, 2005). For example, free samples and contest entry forms are used to capture customer information in mark to create a customer database which adds value to business as importance of assume database marketing is rapidly increasing. Furthermore, customer retention programs and rewarding loyal customers with sales promotions assist to create a brand loyalty over long ravel.Mintels (2008) report discovered that high street pubs and forbid spend more m iodiney on sales promotions than any other communication mix. Particularly with the effects of credit crunch, reluctance of spending money on alcoholic drinks and night-outs made it indispensible to demean prices or add extra value through sales promotions to lure potential customers. This is one of the most consequential reasons why sales promotions became very key in suspend industry in recent times. In order to retain customers, some ejects and restaurants started to give price cuts, 2 for 1 offers and repast deals. To respond to competitors move and overcome the reluctance of spending money on entertainment, other choke ups and restaurants likewise used sales promotions. This current economic humor created a great opportunity for bars and restaurants to gain competitors customers by the way of using sales promotions to bring customers in to experience their service. If they can make beloved use of the opportunity, those cus tomers can be loyal customers.Marketing communications are vital for a companys success. Regardless what product or service is offered by an organization, messages should be sent to potential customers through marketing communication methods. In most cases, combinations of those methods are used in marketing plan. Product livelihood cycle is a tool that helps managers to plan their communication mix. Sales promotions can be employed in each stage of a product or services life cycle. Sales promotions help to strengthen the messages that are sent through advertising, public relations and other promotional activities. However, their purpose of use depends on what stage they are used. In introduction stage, they tend to encourage potential customers to try the service in order to create awareness. In growth and maturity stages, the main drive of the sales promotions is to conformation brand loyalty and reinforce the messages (Varey, 2002) that are give in introduction stage and incr ease the usage of a product or service. More in depth uses and analysis of product life cycle lead be discussed in chapter 2 and chapter 4. cumulation diffuse, a bar reach with branches located end-to-end the UK and owned by Marstons Public Limited Company, is one of the many bar chains which emphasise the importance of sales promotions by employing these tools as both a tactical and a strategic tool very often.There are three types of sales promotions customer sales promotions, trade sales promotions and employee sales promotions (Wright, 2000). This pick out will mainly focus on customer sales promotions. The purpose of this look is, by using relative literature on the topic and with the help of primary data, to examine the usage of customer sales promotions and the methods and discover whether these methods are used to influence a service or brands mathematical operation in bar industry in nobble term or long term.1.3 Brief Background of Pitcher delicatePitcher Piano is a bar chain with branches located throughout the UK. Since 1996, the brand operates as a part of Marstons Public Limited Company. The first Pitcher Piano was opened in 1986 in Fulham. When Pitcher Piano Fulham opened its doors to public, it was one of the first wine bars in the UK. This raw wine bar concept was an alternative to handed-down British pub culture. The concept became very popular and over time other brands like All-Bar-One, Slug Lettuce emerged. There are 27 Pitcher Piano bars around UK now. Recently, company decided to sell some of their branches in London in order to focus on the branches where the venues are owned by the company and that are profitable. Main competitors of Pitcher Piano are All-Bar-One, Slug Lettuce, Grand Union and Living Room. Pitcher Piano bars offer a wide range of wines, spirits and beers as well as party snacks and solid food. horizontal though Pitcher Piano bars all operate under the same brand name each bar has its own strengths tailored to the customers demand in the area. While some are led by food sales, others are renowned for their party atmosphere and drinks. Hence, individual branch has its own promotions which are decided by house general manager depending on their customer base and target.In 2004, to help government to tackle increasing binge-drinking connect crime, along with some of other pub groups, the company decided not to assure Happy Hours or similar promotions campaigns (Evening Standard, 2004). However, heavy competition, current economic climate and plans for creating customer database for direct marketing pushed the company to use sales promotions methods again.1.4 Rationale of the chosen TopicDuring the current economic climate, most companies use sales promotions to encourage recession-hit people to spend money on their products and services. In this context, the bar industry is one of the most interesting industries since the priority of entertainment lost its place to the primar y needs such as satiating hunger. Therefore, it caused bar industry to employ sales promotions as tactical tools extensively. Particularly, in bar industry, heavy competition made it compulsory to use sales promotions in order not to lose customers to other bars at the same time attract competitors customers.Furthermore, having worked in bar industry for five eld, out of which 4 years in Pitcher Piano, the researcher has gained friendship and understanding of various usages of marketing communication mix, particularly, sales promotions in bar industry. This experience also helped the researcher to observe how the company reacts to internal and external changes. Even though sales promotions are common tools employed by marketers as a tactical weapon, it has become more complex and also interesting for the researcher to analyse them during the current economic climate within bar industry. That is the main reason why the topic, which is to examine methods of sales promotions employ ed by Pitcher Piano and analyse effects of these methods on the companys performance, was chosen to. This research will help the researcher to gain a valuable knowledge virtually marketing the communication mix and more importantly, sales promotions.1.5 Aims and Objectives of ResearchThe main aim of the research is to explore different methods of sales promotions, when and where to use appropriate methods, either as a strategic tool or tactical tool, and understand their pros and cons in the hospitality industry. In order to understand the methods, this research will evaluate the above mentioned bar Pitcher Piano that use sales promotion frequently. In this context, the objectives of this research can be described as follow To find out what considerate of sales promotions used by Pitcher Piano, To evaluate the outcomes of the employed sales promotion techniques, To assess the effectiveness of the given methods and suggest areas in need of receipts where necessary, To analyse the use of sales promotion in the context of tactical or strategic tools.1.6 Significance of the StudyThis research provides several significances such as This research will provide information to marketers on the uses of consumer sales promotion in bar industry and help them to have an understanding of some of the consumer sales promotion methods. This research can help other researches on this particular topic, sales promotion and related topic. In general, the usage of sales promotion amongst all communication mix is rapidly increasing, particularly in bar industry, in the UK. However, sales promotion always perceived as a supporting act of advertising and public relations. Many academics underlined its efficiency of achieving short term goals. Nevertheless, its long term impacts have been ignored. Although the debate is on-going whether sales promotions are strategic or tactical tool, in the context of question industry examined in this research, they can be specifically interp reted as strategic tools in such activities as expression customer database, encouraging trial use and repeat purchase.1.7 Brief Structure of the StudyThis study consists of 5 sections. Each section includes some explanations and opinions to help enlighten the subject matter. This study attempts to find out the uses of customer sales promotion in bar industry and whether these promotions are employed as tactical or strategic tool.Chapter 1 This chapter contains the introduction on the ever-changing nature of sales promotion within promotion mix and a brief view on related models and topics. This chapter also includes the usage and the importance of sales promotions in brief and succinct background information about Pitcher Piano. Finally, aims and objectives, rationale and significance of the study are covered in this section.Chapter 2 In this chapter, all current and related topics are examined. Different opinions that have been expressed by academics on strategic uses of sale s promotion are discussed. Furthermore, various consumer sales promotion methods, communication methods in service industry, importance of sales promotions in direct marketing and usage of product life cycle for promotional mix are explained with the help of existing vast literature on these topics.Chapter 3 This chapter explains the methodology that is employed by researcher while doing this research. Approaches of the researchers and the methods adopted to collect and analyse the primary data are critically argued. Finally, shortcomings which are lay outd by researcher in the research process are included in this chapter.Chapter 4 This chapter re give ways the analysis of the data collected and the findings of this research. In this chapter, it is also focused on that to what extend the findings are related to the literature review. The researcher also Chapter 5 This chapter includes conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions are made with the help of literature review, anal ysis and the primary data. Recommendations were given to bar industry to advise on the strategic use of sales promotion methods.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThis section will attempt to explain the current argument on the topic and present different views by academics. It will help to understand concepts and models relating to sales promotion in the context of question as well. However, the usage of these models and concepts in practice will be related in data analysis section with the help of observed examples and primary data.2.1 Sales Promotions2.1.1 Sales Promotion and Current Debate on Sales Promotion Sales promotion is one of the four aspects of promotional mix along with advertising, personal selling and public relations. Sales promotions which, are also known as below the line promotions, are methods that are used by marketers to attract consumers. Sales promotions have been in use in occupation for a long time. Shopkeepers and stallholders had been employing on the spot offers to c onvince people to purchase a product (Mullin and Cummins, 2008).Sales promotions are, traditionally, defined in the most textbooks as activities such as deals, discounts, coupons, loyalty programs, refunds, contest, sampling and special displays that are encouraging the target audience to act in a particular way by cut back the perceived value of the product being promoted ordinarily to achieve short term goals ( accept, 2006 Pickton and Broderick, 2001). According to Institute of Sales Promotion (2004 cited in Yeshin, 2006, p1), sales promotion is defined as a planned and implemented marketing activity that both enhances product and service appeal and changes customer behaviour positively in return for an additional benefit for purchase or participation. Lamb et al. (2004, p323) also interpret sales promotion as generally a short run tool used to stimulate immediate increase in demand. Most definitions underpinned the immediate encouragement to buy the product and service at the time. Nevertheless, the definitions do not convey the same message whether it has short term or long term effects. Most of the definitions above agree that sales promotion is a short term tool. Similarly, Shimp (2000, p508) considers that sales promotion has a short term nature by stating that in contrast to advertising, which typically, though not always, is relatively long term in orientation and best suited to enhancing buyer attitudes and augmenting brand righteousness, promotion is more short-term oriented and capable of influencing behaviour (rather than just attitudes or intensions). Fill (2006, p635) is another supporter of this school of thought. He believes that just as advertising seeks to work over the long term, sales promotion can achieve short term upward shifts in sales. When comparing advertising and sales promotion, Kotler (2008, p85) underlined that whereas advertising offers a reason to buy a product or service, sales promotion offers reasons that would achieve immediate sale. However, Yeshin (2006) opposes to the views stated above and claims that objectives of sales promotion have dramatically changed in recent years. Wilmshurt and Macay supported Yeshin (2006) by stating that companies have increasingly realized, however, that whilst sales promotion has tactical uses it has strategic implications (2002, p211). According to Gupta et al. (1997 cited in Yeshin, 2006), many empirical researches have focused on identifying short-term effects of sales promotion. Thus, most practitioners and, in particular, academics failed to see long term effects of sales promotion. Schultz et al. suggested that sales promotion can be strategic by stating sales promotions are marketing and communications activities that change the price / value relationship of a product or service perceived by the target, thereby generating immediate sales and altering long term brand value (1998, p7). Kotler and Armstrong (2008, p502) suggest that in general, rather than creating only short term sales or temporary brand switching, sales promotions should help to reinforce the products position and build long term customer relationship. In addition, they (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p.502) claim that if properly designed, every sales promotion tool has the potential to build both short term excitement and long term consumer relationship. Mullin and Cummins (2008) believe that a good sales promotion should prompt a customer to consider a product or service and help them to make a decision after the promotion campaign. Brassington and Pettitts (2003, p720) definition covers all the characteristics of sales promotion. They believe sales promotion is a range of tactical marketing techniques designed within a strategic marketing framework to add value to a product or service in order to achieve specific sales and marketing objectives. This extra value may be of a short-term tactical nature or it may be part of a longer-term franchise-building programme. F inally, Boone and Kurtz (2001, p509) noticed the shift in the usage of sales promotion in recent years by stating that today, however, marketers recognize them as integral parts of many marketing plans, and the focus of sales promotion has shifted from short-term to long-term goals of building brand equity and maintaining continuing purchase. They supported their argument with frequent-flyers programs that can create a base of loyal customers. It should be noted that sales promotion is a great tool to get immediate affects. However, sales promotions cappower of creating a long term affects should not be ignored.While the debate, whether sales promotion is short term or long term, is still on-going, the use of sales promotion has increased enormously in last two decades. Smith and Taylor state that the importance of sales promotions over advertising have been increased because of various reasons which area)the movement towards relationship marketing, b) the growth of direct mail, c) the emergence of promotion-literate consumers who expect promotions with certain product types, d) during recessions, price-conscious customers search for value-for-money promotions, e) ruling retailers favour suppliers whose products sell quickly, f) high television advertising costs force marketing managers to look for more cost effective below-the-line tools. (Smith and Taylor, 2004 p. 356)Even though they are widely used by many companies, some academics disagree to use them extensively. Many of them underline the facts that extensive and repetitive promotions of a product can modify the brand value, sales and cash flow (Schultz et al., 1998). 2.1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Sales PromotionsEach communication mix can accomplish a certain objective that other elements cannot (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998 Shimp 2000). For example, advertising cannot change a product or services sales trend in short term however sales promotion can.What sales promotion is capable of accomplishing Motivate sales force to sell a new, improved or mature product. When personal selling methods becomes boring and monotonous, exciting sales promotions can stimulate sale forces enthusiasm and make the job easier for them (Shimp, 2000). Stimulate sales in maturity stage of a product or service. By changing price / value relationship, it can encourage more people to use a product or service (Schultz et al., 1997). Counteract a competitors communication campaign. Competitors advertising and sales promotion campaign can be neutralized by using counter sales promotion campaigns (Shimp, 2003). Encourage consumers to try a new service or product (Fornell et al., 1985). When a product or service is being introduced into the market, it is very important to encourage people to experience it (Mela et al., 1997). Consumers would not know if the product or service is high-quality unless they try it. Many consumers would not try a new product without any sales promotion activity. Retain existin g customers through repeat purchases. Sales promotion can be used to prevent existing customers to go to competitors. Shimp, (2000, p516) states that strategic use of sales promotion can encourage at least short-run repetitive purchasing. Besides short-term repetitive purchasing, continuous sales promotion programs such as loyalty visor scheme encourage customers to repeat purchase. Reinforce the messages given with advertising and public relations campaigns. Sales promotion can be a main tool for an organizations communication plan. However, it can also help to emphasise messages given with any other communication tools (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). Help to build a customer database. The importance of direct marketing is increasing. In order to build a database to contact consumers directly, sales promotion are used to capture their contact details. Some sales promotions beseech customers to provide their details in return of a free products or discounts (Mullin and Cummins, 2008 ). What sales promotion is not capable of accomplishing Inability to change opinion about an undesired product or service. Consumers would not purchase a product or service if they do not like it. Sales promotion usually will fail to help to compensate a low quality product or bad service (Boone and Kurtz, 2001). Unable to compensate for poor advertising. Sales promotions cannot fix a problem caused by weak brand image or lack of brand awareness. It can help in the short run. However, it is kafkaesque to expect a good result in long run. Sales promotions can have negative effects on long term (Jedidi et al., 1999). If sales promotion is used repeatedly, it can create confusion on perceived value of a product or service. Thus, customers would not buy the product or service once the promotion is over and wait for the new promotion. 2.1.3 Consumer Sales Promotions and MethodsAccording to Fill (2006), sales promotions are used for various reasons such as reaching new customers, reducin g distributor risk, rewarding behaviour, retention, adding value and assisting segmentation. There are three types of sales promotions depending on who they target consumer sales promotions, trade sales promotions and employee sales promotions (Srinivasan and Anderson, 1998 Wright, 2000 Fill, 2006 Boone and Kurtz, 2001). The focus of this study will be on consumer sales promotions, as it is mentioned in Chapter 2 and on discovering what types of sales promotions methods are used by Pitcher Piano and whether they are tactical or strategic.Pickton and Broderick define consumer targeted sales promotion as pull promotional activities designed to encourage demand by end-customers that will pull products through distribution channels (2001, p539). Objectives of sales promotion and analysis of whether the objective is strategic or tactical are given in the Table-1. Consumer targeted promotions are used for improving sales of existing products, encouraging repeat purchase, trial of new pro ducts and brand loyalty, giving a response to competitors move and capturing customer database information. There are different tools of consumer targeted promotions. The most popular and widely used ones are sampling, couponing, rewards, money-off, bonus-packs, repute draws and refunds. However, Pitcher Piano uses sampling, premiums (2 for 1s, 3 for 2s), money-off and contests and sweepstakes more often, for example, last summer, Pitcher Piano customers could win Bacardis global music festival tickets on completion of registration forms (Appendix 1).Price-offs offer consumer discount on the regular price of a product. They are used to accomplish different objectives. They can be used to reward the existing customers. In this case, price-offs collaborated with loyalty card schemes (Hobbs and Rowley, 2008). Another use of price-offs is to encourage consumers to conduct the product. It is a good way of pre-empting competitors. Those customers who stockpiled the product are out of marketplace until they consume the product. They would not buy competitors brand during that time (Shimp, 2000).Price-offs can be offered to customers on a specific time of the day. For example, happy hours in pubs and bars is a good example of it. The objective behind is that to pull the customers inside the venue at slow periods to increase volume (Reid and Bojanic, 2006). Combination offers or bundling are one of the most popular methods that are employed by restaurant and bar industry (Kotler et al., 1996). Two or more products or services are combined together and offered on a price that would be more if they are purchased separately. Such examples are restaurants 3 course meal deals, two for one deals and drink and meal at a specific price deals. 2.1.3.2 PremiumsPremiums are products or services that are offered free or at relatively low cost when buying a product such as buy a meal get the drinks free or purchase this meal and get a baseball cap free (dAstous Jacob, 2002). Premiums are typically given to consumers as a reward for behaving in a particular way, usually visiting a farm animal or buying a product or service (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). They can also be used to add value to product and represent an advantage over competitors products (Pickton and Broderick, 2001). The main target of premiums is to encourage the trial of a product. There are two types of premiums which are direct premiums and mail premiums. Incentives are provided at the time of the purchase with direct premiums. Direct premiums can be given to customers in the store, be placed with the package, be inserted in the package or the container itself can be the premium (Yeshin, 2006). Mail premiums require consumers to provide a cogent evidence of purchase of a product or service before being handed. Some of the mail premiums are given free after the customer displace the validation of purchase and some requires customers to save a specific number of coupons or special labe ls (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998).2.1.3.3 SamplingSampling means offering standard or trial-sized samples of a product for free or at a reduced price in order to either create an awareness of a new product / service or increase the consumption of an existing one (Shimp, 2003). Sampling is usually used to aid when a new product or service is launched. Although it is very effective, it is the most expensive way of introducing a product or service. If the consumers are not targeted properly, the losses can be big (Kotler et al., 1996). Thus, companies should forfend giving samples to consumers who would never purchase the product or service in future. Samples are widely used in hospitality sector as well (Reid and Bojanic, 2006). Some restaurants and bars offer samples of their potential customers or people whose opinion is respected in the area. One of the reasons for that is to create a positive word of utter about the service.2.1.3.4 CouponsCoupons are the legal certificates by manu facturers that offer customers discount when buying a specified products (Schultz et al., 1998). They can be mailed or emailed (direct mail), given with newspapers, magazines or with another product. According to Kotler et al. (1996), coupons are very popular in restaurant and bar industry. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) suggest that the value of the discount should be decided very carefully. If the face value is low, consumers are reluctantly to redeem the coupons. However, if the face value is raised, more people redeem it on a price lower than they would have redeemed. Moreover, exuberant uses of the coupons can make customers feel they are getting poor value, if they purchase the product or service without a coupon.2.1.3.5 Contests and SweepstakesDifferent forms of competitions such as contests, sweepstakes, prize draws, where they can win a prize without having to spend extra money, are used in order to attract customers (Boone and Kurtz, 2001). This kind of competitions creat es an excitement amongst consumers. A sweepstake is a sales promotion technique where customers are required to submit their names and e-mails in a drawing in which they have the chance to win cash, trips or a product or service. The winners are determined purely on the basis of their luck (Egan, 2007). Because of its low cost comparing with other methods, simplicity and ability to accomplish a variety of marketing objectives, the usage of sweepstakes have increased recently (Shimp, 2000) Contests are also another technique for sales promotion. Unlike the sweepstakes, in order to win a prize, contestants compete with others on the basis of skills or ability (Fill, 2006). They are usually asked a contest problem or proof of purchase. The winners are selected by judges.Regardless the type of sales promotion, all the sales promotion campaigns should go through an ethical consideration. Consumer oriented promotions such as coupons, contests and premium offers fail to be ethical if the c onsumers are promised a reward for acting in a certain way wished by promoter and the reward is never given (Shimps, 2000). For example, contests that are making people believe the winning odds are high when they actually are not or lowering the measurement or quality of a product or service when they are on promotion and advertising it as normal. Consumers can also be vile of unethical behaviour. For example, filling coupons with fictitious names and addresses in order to get the reward. 2.2 Marketing Communications and Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)Marketing communication is an important aspect of an organizations overall marketing mission and key determinant of its success. Marketing communication is the process of reaching and acknowledging target audiences about a product or service. According to Thomas and Housden, there are four main objectives of marketing communications which are to initiate a relationship (prospecting), to develop the relationship into a sales transaction (conversion), to maintain the relationship (loyalty building) and to resurrect a lapsed relationship (re-activation) (2002, p13). Companies apply different approaches and methods in order to communicate with their target audiences. Advertisements, salespeople, store signs, point-of-purchase displays, product packages, direct-mail marketing, publicity releases, sponsorships, sales promotions are all various forms of communication devices for marketers (Shimp, 2000). All these devices are used to create awareness or to promote a product or service.Any activity that an organization is involved in can deliver messages to their consumers. These messages can either be planned or unplanned. intend messages are sent to consumers through communication mix. Unplanned messages would include all other communications such as store cleanliness, distributors, employee attitudes and the exterior surroundings of your business, in other words, any elements related with the company that are capable of delivering implicit messages. For example, unfriendly bartender, dirty glasses in a bar, untidy back bar can all deliver negative messages that can have more impact than all the planned marketing communication messages (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). The term marketing communication mix and promotion mix from 4Ps of marketing mix are used interchangeably in existing literature. Therefore, they are also used interchangeably throughout this research.In 1980s, many academics and practitioners treated each communication tool as separate and distinct. This approach, sometimes, could create some confusion for customers. For example, messages from advertising campaign could fail to match with the messages from public relations campaign, since the sources of the messages were different. Thus, this could give two different messages to consumers about the same product, servic

Tire Industry Capstone Project Marketing Essay

Tire Industry Capst nonpareil Project Marketing EssayThe report examines the global Tire effort. the industry is rule by 10 incorruptibles controlling 95 of the global market. First, the report analyses the fundamentamyotrophic lateral sclerosis of the industry followed by an analysis of each of the unions surgery. The report later analyses the make out out achievement factors and indicators for the industry and makes recommendations as to the way forward.IntroductionThe deteriorate industry is a large-scale market that produces high fictional character original and replacement exhausts with the use of subjective and synthetic rubber. These tires produced from natural materials and synthetic rubber is greatly utilized by motorcycles, trucks, cars, earthmoving equipment, aircrafts, bicycles, and scooters. The tire industry is divided into different sections that accept America, the Asia-Pacific, and Europe. This constitutes about 95% of the worlds market. Our disposition of ten selected public companies has their headquarters represented among these markets, and thus the percentage of their sales per market varies.Despite a global recession, a get along of these tire firms has present a strong performance, and the recovery has especially been pronounced in the Europe and markets of Canada, United States and Mexico. The contents will reveal in what beas these ten public firms ar particularly delivered, and some ways in which they are still struggling, or micturate room for some improvement. While the growth has traditionally been viewed in the West, the emergent markets in Asia such as China prove to be a battleground for revenue and sales growth of the future. The relative leaders in this industry are Michelin and Goodyear, with the lowest performing firms as Kumho and Yokohama. almost of the firms decisions pull in placed them in a favorable position to dominate opportunities around the globe, while others have an overwhelming amount of disadvantage in meeting such goals.Performance requirements such as high-speed test, endurance test, low pressure test, road hap impact test, bead unseating test, and accelerated aging test. The endurance test show that the test results increase linearly in stringency based on the calculate of tire failure. However, the top performing firm is the Michelin meeting the performance criteria with over 90% in all the criteria. Michelin is technologically a better tire company compared to the rest, while Kumho is the least performing tire company.List of the Ten Public Firm in the Tire IndustryThe top ten tire firms include1. Bridgestone Corporation2. Compagnie Gnrale des tablissements Michelin3. Good year Tire and preventive Company4. Continental AG5. Pirelli C. S.p.A.6. Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.7. Yokohama Rubber Company, contain8. Hankook Tire9. Cooper Tire Rubber Company10. Kumho Tire Co. Ltd key Success Factors and Key Success IndicatorsFor the purposes of this research p aper, we will analyze three key triumph factors namely the financial factors, human resource and customer satisfaction. For each of the KSF identified for analysis, there are at least three key success indicators as listed belowCustomer SatisfactionCustomer average rating as given through company annual surveysAwards for crucial success panorama among top 20 in the countryHuman resource Employee count growth Proportion of workers who have higher education Revenue per workerKey Financial factorsReturn on equityReturn on assetLeverage ratioGross margin ratioAnnual sales growthThe ability to adapt to new technologyInvestment in ITIn-house staff trainingBPR change initiativesCustomer satisfactionAverage scoreAwards received postal service in top 20Sustainability indices as reported in the respective companies sustainability report for the last year.Percentage of material reusedPercentage of material recycledReduction in material useIn their similar research work, Ghosh, et al. (2001) c ame up with a distinctive formula for awarding the weights to individual critical success indicators. For the purpose of this paper, Ghosh, et als weightings on the respective KSI are adopted. The scores of these tree factors are given commensurate weight at 33.3% due to their perceived equal importance in the industry. However, the key success indicators in each of the three categories are given different weights as per their perceived importance in the realization of the respective KSF. in all the KSF along with their associated KSI are scored in the excel sheet and weighted totals calculated.Some of the key KSFs that we have identified include sustainable practices, public perceptions, consumer responsibility, the economy, in amplification to environmental stances and practices. The KSIs include the market share that each firm possesses, the number of countries in which they operate, the percentage of business devoted to tires, as well as the number of employees per dollar of revenue and diversification of the board in terms of country of origin. These KSF and KSI were selected to effectively evaluate the relationship that between other external factors that will make tire production in the industries thrive. A key success factor could besides include dealer or brand loyalty, and how well companys can arrest their customer basis.It is believed that sustainable practices of how the wages and benefits exist will greatly promote the success of tire production, in addition to how the merchant network or tire distri scarceion is handled considering the fact that production is directly controlled or is dispensed out on a franchise basis. When it comes to public perception, this deals with whether the brands from a specific region are favored, due to their ascribed value. In addition, the devotion to advertising in terms of dollars on a by-region basis would be an interesting KSI under the KSF of public perception. Consumer responsibility is how they suffice to incentive programs offered by merchants, or where they turn to purchase whether they go in store or defer to online shopping.One other interesting KSF that we are refer with is the environment. What this means in terms of a KSI is the method and rate of scrap tire disposal. In addition, interest is the consumption levels of electricity, water, fuels or others necessary for disposal and manufacturing. However, it is expect that this KSF will majorly determine the long term success of tire firms. When it comes to the KSF of the economy, differentiating it from the internal finance of companies is not certain, using the KSI and KSF to assess and analyze performance in the tire industry is justified.Factors Driving ProfitabilityThe players in the tire manufacturing industry are operated out of a number of major centers, and in order for them to earn and carry on a profit, they must ultimately discharge with corporate or smaller-consumers. Analyzing the growth rate and operating margins of the firms reveals that just as they are dispersed in where their boardrooms, headquarters, plants, and branches are located they likewise differ on where such revenue and sales are captured. To further complicate factors, some of the weaknesses confronting these firms are regionally based, while others have a global reach and threaten the whole of their operations. Thus, the mixture of strengths and weaknesses facing the firms is ripe of both extreme differences in addition to some unavoidable similarities.Undoubtedly, one of the major factors that seem to affect all the participants is the increase of prices of raw materials. In this context are crude oil, rubber, and other inputs to the manufacturing process. While it is deserving of a decompose discussion altogether, the price of one barrel of crude oil has been on the rise amidst global conflict, uncertainty, and other issues. This is a necessary input in the manufacturing of tires and it is not easily replaceable. A direct result of this factor that drives (or threatens) profitability is that the price of products tends to increase as the surge in cost of raw materials is passed on the consumers. some other factor driving profitability then is the type of market segments on which the tire manufacturer focuses on. For example, some of the firms such as Kumho and Yokohama have placed oftentimes dedication towards niche markets such as construction, or others, that may be willing to fork over much money for a higher quality product.Due to the diverse approach of these tire manufacturers we placed much emphasis on the financials aspect. More than the fact that these figures were, on the whole, easy to locate, they are closely affiliated with a phenomenon that will soon confront the industry. This issue in the horizon is that of so-called unfunded pension and retirement benefits. As a result of this impending crisis, we determined that the financial conditions of firms would be closely relate d to how they may overcome such.One other reason we determined that this was a crucial factor of performance was that the baby boomer generation concept would imply that a large group of full-time workers would, at the same time, attempt to cash out on such benefits. It means that firms with a high debt-to-equity ratio have less leverage to move around funds to overcome a shortfall when it comes to stipendiary out employees on a mass-scale. Likewise, those with relatively lower revenues would have a particularly challenging time to maintain their operations and to fund such retirees.Some other key performance indicators we determined had significance was the relative market share of each firm, in addition to the number of countries where operations existed. We figured these were beta given that some of the more successful firms such as Bridgestone are more diversified geographically. The reason this is important can also be understood in the context of global economics. If one is operating a firm such as Kumho or Yokohama and the Korean or Japanese region individually endures some domestic market turmoil, it is unlikely that the average trend of sales from international markets will be able to keep them from reporting negative financials, or even facing insolvency.A damaging annual period will not only weaken a firms reputation or brand image, but will also cause the company to struggle to keep the support of investors potentially coming with major consequences. On the other hand, as Bridgestones record demonstrates, having equal or at least some level of balanced representation across the globe means that the only way they will significantly nominate is if there is a financial crisis or some type of market volatility on a global scale. Even so, it is unlikely that such a disaster would have equal effects in each continent or country, or that it would occur simultaneously. It means that in the wake of disaster, a firm that is well-spread across the globe would be able to earn a profit in some areas, while losing in others, and be able to maintain its existence.A further key performance indicator of interest is the customer segments facing the tire manufacturing industry. For example, there has been the trend for companies teaming up and pooling their productive resources in order to transact with high-ticket market segments such as the airline industry. We determined that this key performance indicator is derived out of the Porter force of bargaining power of buyers. It is also directly connected and can help firms individually, and overall, to overcome the struggles that come from increasing raw material and commodity prices, globally. If carefully constructed, such agreements between rivals can hang in overcoming their mutual threats, and allow them to devote more resources and attention to important fields such as research and development, or creativity. Subsequently, more useful technologies and more desirable products will be churned out, in a mutually (or internationally) beneficial manner that will allow each industry player to maximize their take in chosen attribute of differentiation. For example, some firms may devote much energy towards passenger cars, while another focuses on non-highway equipment, or high performance tires. If working together can help to alleviate the hurdle of increasing input prices in the manufacturing process, there will be a net benefit on the industry in the quality and the number of products disseminated to the market segments.BibliographyDatamonitor Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin. Company Profile. exit Date 5 Aug 2011.Datamonitor The Yokohoma Rubber Co., Ltd. Company Profile. Publication Date 24 Feb 2012.Datamonitor Bridgestone Corporation. Company Profile. Publication Date 29 Jul 2011.Ghosh, B. Liang, T., Meng, T., Chan, B. (2001). The key success factors, distinctive capabilities, and strategic thrusts of top SMEs inSingapore. Journal of Business Re search. Vol. 51(3) 209Marketline Kumho Tire Co. Inc. Company Profile. Publication Date 31 May 2012.Porter, M. E. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, January 2008.Appendix and exhibitsTire IndustryNAICS Code 326211Top Ten Companies1. Bridgestone Corporation2. Compagnie Gnrale des tablissements Michelin3. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company4. Continental AG5. Pirelli C. S.p.A.6. Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.7. Yokohama Rubber Company, Limited8. Hankook Tire9. Cooper Tire Rubber Company10. Kumho Tire Co. Ltd

Should Smoking be Banned? J.S Mills Harm Principle

Should Smoking be Banned? J.S Mills suffering PrincipleShould Smoking Be Banned? Discuss In Relation to J.S Mills aggrieve PrincipleSmoking has held a social stigma for galore(postnominal) years, yet has generally been protected from existence prohibited due to the rule of a license to smoke. However, license comes in many forms and means different things to different people, and with nearly concepts of freedom it may be seen that roll of tobacco should be unwraplaw. This essay ordain centralise on one particular estimation of freedom, J.S Mills Harm Principle, and will look in depth at how this relates to smoking. The essay will look at whether smoking should be dismissned, either partially, as is the lineament in Britain today or carry outly. The essay will withal look at ideas much(prenominal) as Paternalism and consent and how this relates to J.S Mills Harm Principle and a smoking ban and concludes on whether smoking should be banned.J. S Mills Harm Theory is an idea based on the instrumental value of freedom. Instrumental value of freedom is concerned with the outcome, as opposed with the intrinsic value which is more concerned with freedom itself being fulfilled, the outcome desired usually being one with the most utility. Mills Harm Theory is the ruler that a person should be certified from committing an act that will cause harm. There are however bars to this rule. Acts are divided into two categories, other regarding and self regarding. former(a) regarding cause harm to others, such as assaulting a nonher person, self regarding only harms the actor. Mills argues that only other regarding actions should be prohibited. N. Barry states the only grounds for interfering with an individual is to prevent harm to others over action that affect only himself the individual is sovereign.1 Thus, under Mills Harm Principle actions that affect only the actor should non be prohibited. Mills did not think that all self-regarding acts are moral ly indifferent, and the principle supports persuasion against self regarding acts that are deemed immoral, however it is not persuasion, and coercion, that should be utilize.2The reasoning prat Mills principle is that he believed in maximum freedom of the person. With regard to expression and ruling, Mills Harm Principle does not place the same restrictions he places on actions. Other regarding actions that only cause offence and not injury should not be prohibited, no matter how much offence is caused. Clearly Mills had placed restriction on other regarding actions, as causing injury to others should not be defended in the name of freedom. None the less J. S Mills clearly thought that state authority should be markedly limited so as to leave as much room for liberty.3The Harm Principle elicit be applied to the concept of smoking however there are several interpretations and criticisms of this. Smoking in public is generally seen as an other regarding action as it causes harm to others. Second hand smoke (SHS) contains 4000 toxic chemicals4 and the Smoking in private however is usually seen as a self regarding action as the only harm caused is to the smoker. Thus, following the J. S Mills Harm Principle smoking should be banned in public places, barely not banned entirely. The UK government introduced a ban on smoking in all public places in 20075 and this seems like the appropriate action if you were to follow J.S Mills Harm Principle.There are however many criticisms of the Harm Principle that actually suggest a ban on smoking in public places does not go far enough. It potbelly be argued that smoking privately in your own home is not merely a self regarding action. Political theorists, notably James Fitzjames Stephen and Lord Delvin, have argued that there is not such thing as a self regarding action as all actions have some effect on others. Garner summarises this argument stating that there is no such thing as private immortality in the sense that e ven our private conduct will have public topic.6 It seems unlikely that even the most trivial private action would affect club, however there is a strong case that smoking does. Firstly smokers are likely to have their health affected later in life due to their smoking, which could ultimately lead to seriously health problems or death. It is argued that this would cause financial harm, through funeral costs or being left without a financial provider, and emotional harm to the smokers family. It is also argued that smokers harm society as tax payer money is spent on providing NHS treatment or social benefits if the smoker is left unable to work due to his habit.7 It can be argued then that smoking privately is not a self regarding action, is in fact an other regarding action, and thus following J.S Mills harm principle should be banned completely. D.D Raphael states however that this objection is not to the principle of Mills position, simply to its unreality, its lack of applica tion.8 In theory there are self regarding actions, but in reality they rarely, if at all, exist.Paternalism counters J.S Mills idea that a self regarding act, presuming they exist, should be allowed. Paternalism, with regard to smoking, would argue that the state ought to be concerned with the moral eudaimonia of the individual agent.9 Paternalism would support the state prohibiting smoking in order to protect the individual, and thus would support an absolute ban on smoking. This is the same principle behind that of controlled drugs, of which the consumption is illegal if done so privately. Mill would obviously reject this principle as it goes against what is set out in the Harm Principle. Mill advocated the freedom of action, even if it is self harming as he believed it was both character forming, and humans are the best judge of their actions.10 Professor H. L. A Hart was a incisive supporting of the idea that criminal law is to prevent harm to other people however even Hart ac cepted that the propriety of some paternalistic legislation e.g on the control of drugs.11 Smoking is as harmful clearly harmful to the user, with 25% of smokers dying from the habit12, then surely it is the states responsibility to prohibit the action. This is for certain the paternalistic viewpoint. Goodin makes an provoke point in The Ethics of Smoking. A supporter of Mills may argue Paternalism prohibition of smoking stops the individual from being free. However, if the smoker is trying to quit then by banning smoking completely, we are simply using coercion to enable people to carry out their own goals.13Consent is an issue that is commonly found when discussing the banning of smoking, and has been used by both pro and anti ban theorist. It may be argued that non-smokers favor to visit public places where smoking is prevalent such as pubs or clubs. The harm they receive then from second hand smoke has been consented to as they shoot to visit said public place. This would se em to conclude that smoking in public is only an other regarding action if it has been consented to, and therefore that smoking should be allowed freely in all public places. However, non-smokers if they sought to visit non-smoking pubs and clubs would have very limited choice. Even more importantly individuals who work in areas where smoking is allowed will suffer even greater health risks due to their constant interaction with second hand smoke. Goodin argued that passive smoking generally egests as unavoidable consequence of being in proximity to smokers and thus they are involuntarily smoking.14 Therefore, it can be argued, there is actually no consent, so this cannot be used as a defence against ban of smoking in public places.If consent is not an argument for allowing smoking in public places, then it is certainly used when countering a complete smoking ban. Anti-Smoking ban individuals state that they have consented to smoking, and thus to the harm itself. Therefore they did not require any paternalistic state intervention. Dworkin summarises this stating the subject of harm requires the active co-operation of the victim.15 This supports Mills idea that an individual is the best judge of their own actions, and they want to smoke and know the consequences it is their right to do so. However Goodin makes an interesting contradiction. As tobacco is addictive due to chemicals such as nicotine then the individual only consents to the first cigarette, as they cannot help but smoke by and by this. Goodin argues if the product is truly addictive, then we have no more reason to respect the persons voluntary choice (however well informed) to abandon his future validation to an dependency than we have for respecting a persons voluntary choice (however well informed) to sell himself to slavery.16There are more practical objections to a complete ban on smoking however. Barry, amongst others, points out a utilitarian view supporting smoking. If smoking was to be banned, and tobacco was to be made an illegal substance society would see many negative consequences. There would be an increase in crime, both of the users and dealers of tobacco, and a gangster culture would develop around tobacco just as it has with controlled goods. As tobacco would be very expensive to (illegally) purchase, crime rates would increase that way as users may commit crime to fund their expensive habit.17 This can easily be related with the criticism of Mills Harm Theory that smoking is not an other regarding action due to its cost to society. If smoking was to be banned completely the increase in crime because of this would have a larger detrimental cost than would be saved through the decrease in NHS and social spending.The question remains, should smoking be banned? Strictly following the Harm Principle it would seem that smoking should be banned in public, but in private, as then it is only harming the user. However, this is only the case if you agree that smoki ng in private is a self regarding action. We have seen arguments both for and against demote smoking as a completely other regarding action and if this is the case then in theory smoking should be completely banned. Smoking should also be banned completely if you believe the state should play a paternalistic role in protecting its citizens from the harm of smoking. Consent obviously plays a role in this topic and we have seen how it has been argued that a smoker who consents to the harm should be allowed to continue smoking, although there have even been contradictions to this. Practicality should not forgotten, and a complete ban in smoking raises some serious concerns about the social effect this would have.It seems then that a compromise is needed in order to locate whether smoking should be banned. A ban in public places seems to be best solution to the problem it protects passive smokers yet eliminates the danger to society that would occur if smoking was completely banned. O f course, some would argue we are still letting individuals harm themselves, however adult humans know the risk of smoking, and on a whole the cost to the individual is less than the possible cost to society. It seems J.S Mills Harm Principle is ideal for addressing the question of a smoking ban, and a ban on public smoking, as seen in the UK and states around the world is the best solution.1 N. Barry, Modern Political Theory 4th ed. (Basingstoke Macmillan Press Ltd, 2000) p.2112 ibidem p.2113 D.D. Raphael, Problems of Political Philosophy 2ND ed. (London Pall Mall Press Ltd, 1990) p.784http/smokefree.nhs.uk/why-go-smokefree/secondhand-smoke/ accessed December 5 20095 R. Garner, Introduction to Politics (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2009) p.1006 Garner (2009) p1018 Rapheal (1990) p.669 Ibid. p6610 Barry (2000) p.10111 Rapheal (1990) p.8112 R.E Goodin, The Ethics of Smoking, Ethics, Vol.99, No.3, (1989) p.58813 Goodin (1989) p.58614 Ibid. p.58615 Goodin (1989) p.57916Ibid p.58617 Barry (2001) p.219

The Necessity Of Computer Security :: essays research papers

The Necessity Of Computer SecurityWhen the first electronic computers emerged from university and militarylaboratories in the late 1940s and early 1950s, visionaries proclaimed them theharbingers of a plump for industrial revolution that would trans practice business,government and industry. But few laymen, even if they were aware of themachines, could see the connection. Experts too, were sceptical. Not only werecomputers huge, expensive, one-of-a-kind devices designed for performingabstruse scientific and military calculations, such as cracking codes andcalculations missile trajectories, they were also extremely difficult to handle.Now, it is clear that computers are not only here to stay, but they rush aprofound effect on society as well. As John McCarthy, Professor of ComputerScience at Stanford University, speculated in 1966 "The computer gives signs of bonnie the contemporary counterpart of the steam engine that brought on theindustrial revolution - one that is still gat hering momentum and whose truenature had yet to be seen."Todays applications of computers are vast. They are used to run ordinaryhousehold appliances such as televisions and microwaves, to being tools in theworkplaces through word processing, spreadsheets, and graphics software, torunning monumental tasks such as being the heart and soul of the nations taxprocessing department, and managing the project timetables of the Space Shuttle.It is obvious that the computer is now and always will be inexorably linked toour lives, and we have no choice but to accept this technology and learn how toharness its total potential.With any progressing technology, an unauthorized application put up almost befound for it. A computer could and has been used for theft and fraud - forexample, as a database and manager of illegal activities such as drugtrafficking and pornography. However, we must not just consider the harmfulapplications of the computer, but also take into account the good that t hey havecaused.When society embraced the computer technology, we have to breed this as anextension of what we already have at hand. This means that some problems thatwe had before the computer era may also arise now, in the form where computersare an accessory to a crime.One of the problems that society has faced ever since the dawn ofcivilization is privacy. The issue of privacy on the Internet has risen manyarguments for and against having it. The issue of privacy has gotten to thepoint where the government of the United States has placed a bill promoting asingle chip to encrypt all private tangible on the Internet.Why is privacy so important? Hiding confidential material from intruders

Temptations Of Odysseus Essay -- essays research papers

Temptations of OdysseusOdysseus a hero in both charge. He is a real man, consummate in the sports, handy with a sword and spear, and a master of war strategy. Most of the challenges and adventures in his return voyage from Troy show us this level if we had no idea of his great heroic stature and accomplishments in the Trojan war. I found in my reading of the Odyssey that most of the trials the gods place upon him ar quickly faced with heroic means. These challenges are notnecessarily welcomed by Odysseus but accepted as part of his role. He is the hero, its his lot to wield sword and fortress and bravely face the next army or monster. Then we begin to see more of the challenges do not require our hero to fight his way out(p). These threats are the most difficult problems for Odysseus to overcome. The tests like the isle of the lotus eaters, Circes island, and Calypsos island were the hardest challenges for Odysseus. His encounter with Polyphemus the Cyclops, the Laestrygonia ns, Charybdis and Scyylla, and the kingdom of the dead these dangers were on his level, heroic battles where he could fight valiantly and if it was his fate, go valiantly. The challenges where heroic means were not a solution to overcome the danger were the most formidable tasks that could easily destroy Odysseus. Odysseus and crew are finally on their way home after the war, after nine days on the rough sea, they arrive at the isle of the lotus eaters. The lotus eaters are a group of people who have a lot of fun, thanks to their consumption of the lotus flower. This confrontation provides Odysseus and his crew with the first of their challenges (Odyssey 91-103). This threat is definitely unrivalled that a heroic confrontation is unlikely. This danger is not any physical threat to him or his men. The lotus eaters create a situation where Odysseus and his crew are tempted by a gift. This gift of immediate gratification threatens to take away several their basic heroic element. By e ating the lotus flower they would pass off immediate happiness, however they would never make it home. They would died old men on that island without their families, they would be broken in a sense. Without the memories of their homes, wives, and children they would be just a font of who they were. Odysseus would sooner die than to never see Penelope again and be ... ...n or ever see his son. If he couldnt ever get back indeed there would have been no reason to ever leave. All of his heroic deed would have been in vain and no one would have still remembered him. He couldnot have fought the suitors and proved himself . The act of returning was always the ultimate goal for Odysseus and the temptations of happiness, beauty, immortality, and eternal youth were much harder for him to pass up every time he had to put his life on the line and fight an army or evade a monster. He could have given in to any of the temptations at any time and never had toendure the pain and strife that c ame from his homeward journey. Without his heroic resources to help him escape the temptations by battling his way out or using his wit to escape he holds on and endures and finally returns. Dying on the battlefield would be a fantastic ending for a hero such as Odysseus. Dying alone without a fight or giving in and living without ever returning to his home or Penelope would be a fate no hero could accept. He would have been forgotten and others would claim what was his. Odysseus does endure and returns, escaping danger and great temptation to be the hero and claim his own.