Should Smoking be Banned? J.S Mills Harm Principle

Should Smoking be Banned? J.S Mills suffering PrincipleShould Smoking Be Banned? Discuss In Relation to J.S Mills aggrieve PrincipleSmoking has held a social stigma for galore(postnominal) years, yet has generally been protected from existence prohibited due to the rule of a license to smoke. However, license comes in many forms and means different things to different people, and with nearly concepts of freedom it may be seen that roll of tobacco should be unwraplaw. This essay ordain centralise on one particular estimation of freedom, J.S Mills Harm Principle, and will look in depth at how this relates to smoking. The essay will look at whether smoking should be dismissned, either partially, as is the lineament in Britain today or carry outly. The essay will withal look at ideas much(prenominal) as Paternalism and consent and how this relates to J.S Mills Harm Principle and a smoking ban and concludes on whether smoking should be banned.J. S Mills Harm Theory is an idea based on the instrumental value of freedom. Instrumental value of freedom is concerned with the outcome, as opposed with the intrinsic value which is more concerned with freedom itself being fulfilled, the outcome desired usually being one with the most utility. Mills Harm Theory is the ruler that a person should be certified from committing an act that will cause harm. There are however bars to this rule. Acts are divided into two categories, other regarding and self regarding. former(a) regarding cause harm to others, such as assaulting a nonher person, self regarding only harms the actor. Mills argues that only other regarding actions should be prohibited. N. Barry states the only grounds for interfering with an individual is to prevent harm to others over action that affect only himself the individual is sovereign.1 Thus, under Mills Harm Principle actions that affect only the actor should non be prohibited. Mills did not think that all self-regarding acts are moral ly indifferent, and the principle supports persuasion against self regarding acts that are deemed immoral, however it is not persuasion, and coercion, that should be utilize.2The reasoning prat Mills principle is that he believed in maximum freedom of the person. With regard to expression and ruling, Mills Harm Principle does not place the same restrictions he places on actions. Other regarding actions that only cause offence and not injury should not be prohibited, no matter how much offence is caused. Clearly Mills had placed restriction on other regarding actions, as causing injury to others should not be defended in the name of freedom. None the less J. S Mills clearly thought that state authority should be markedly limited so as to leave as much room for liberty.3The Harm Principle elicit be applied to the concept of smoking however there are several interpretations and criticisms of this. Smoking in public is generally seen as an other regarding action as it causes harm to others. Second hand smoke (SHS) contains 4000 toxic chemicals4 and the Smoking in private however is usually seen as a self regarding action as the only harm caused is to the smoker. Thus, following the J. S Mills Harm Principle smoking should be banned in public places, barely not banned entirely. The UK government introduced a ban on smoking in all public places in 20075 and this seems like the appropriate action if you were to follow J.S Mills Harm Principle.There are however many criticisms of the Harm Principle that actually suggest a ban on smoking in public places does not go far enough. It potbelly be argued that smoking privately in your own home is not merely a self regarding action. Political theorists, notably James Fitzjames Stephen and Lord Delvin, have argued that there is not such thing as a self regarding action as all actions have some effect on others. Garner summarises this argument stating that there is no such thing as private immortality in the sense that e ven our private conduct will have public topic.6 It seems unlikely that even the most trivial private action would affect club, however there is a strong case that smoking does. Firstly smokers are likely to have their health affected later in life due to their smoking, which could ultimately lead to seriously health problems or death. It is argued that this would cause financial harm, through funeral costs or being left without a financial provider, and emotional harm to the smokers family. It is also argued that smokers harm society as tax payer money is spent on providing NHS treatment or social benefits if the smoker is left unable to work due to his habit.7 It can be argued then that smoking privately is not a self regarding action, is in fact an other regarding action, and thus following J.S Mills harm principle should be banned completely. D.D Raphael states however that this objection is not to the principle of Mills position, simply to its unreality, its lack of applica tion.8 In theory there are self regarding actions, but in reality they rarely, if at all, exist.Paternalism counters J.S Mills idea that a self regarding act, presuming they exist, should be allowed. Paternalism, with regard to smoking, would argue that the state ought to be concerned with the moral eudaimonia of the individual agent.9 Paternalism would support the state prohibiting smoking in order to protect the individual, and thus would support an absolute ban on smoking. This is the same principle behind that of controlled drugs, of which the consumption is illegal if done so privately. Mill would obviously reject this principle as it goes against what is set out in the Harm Principle. Mill advocated the freedom of action, even if it is self harming as he believed it was both character forming, and humans are the best judge of their actions.10 Professor H. L. A Hart was a incisive supporting of the idea that criminal law is to prevent harm to other people however even Hart ac cepted that the propriety of some paternalistic legislation e.g on the control of drugs.11 Smoking is as harmful clearly harmful to the user, with 25% of smokers dying from the habit12, then surely it is the states responsibility to prohibit the action. This is for certain the paternalistic viewpoint. Goodin makes an provoke point in The Ethics of Smoking. A supporter of Mills may argue Paternalism prohibition of smoking stops the individual from being free. However, if the smoker is trying to quit then by banning smoking completely, we are simply using coercion to enable people to carry out their own goals.13Consent is an issue that is commonly found when discussing the banning of smoking, and has been used by both pro and anti ban theorist. It may be argued that non-smokers favor to visit public places where smoking is prevalent such as pubs or clubs. The harm they receive then from second hand smoke has been consented to as they shoot to visit said public place. This would se em to conclude that smoking in public is only an other regarding action if it has been consented to, and therefore that smoking should be allowed freely in all public places. However, non-smokers if they sought to visit non-smoking pubs and clubs would have very limited choice. Even more importantly individuals who work in areas where smoking is allowed will suffer even greater health risks due to their constant interaction with second hand smoke. Goodin argued that passive smoking generally egests as unavoidable consequence of being in proximity to smokers and thus they are involuntarily smoking.14 Therefore, it can be argued, there is actually no consent, so this cannot be used as a defence against ban of smoking in public places.If consent is not an argument for allowing smoking in public places, then it is certainly used when countering a complete smoking ban. Anti-Smoking ban individuals state that they have consented to smoking, and thus to the harm itself. Therefore they did not require any paternalistic state intervention. Dworkin summarises this stating the subject of harm requires the active co-operation of the victim.15 This supports Mills idea that an individual is the best judge of their own actions, and they want to smoke and know the consequences it is their right to do so. However Goodin makes an interesting contradiction. As tobacco is addictive due to chemicals such as nicotine then the individual only consents to the first cigarette, as they cannot help but smoke by and by this. Goodin argues if the product is truly addictive, then we have no more reason to respect the persons voluntary choice (however well informed) to abandon his future validation to an dependency than we have for respecting a persons voluntary choice (however well informed) to sell himself to slavery.16There are more practical objections to a complete ban on smoking however. Barry, amongst others, points out a utilitarian view supporting smoking. If smoking was to be banned, and tobacco was to be made an illegal substance society would see many negative consequences. There would be an increase in crime, both of the users and dealers of tobacco, and a gangster culture would develop around tobacco just as it has with controlled goods. As tobacco would be very expensive to (illegally) purchase, crime rates would increase that way as users may commit crime to fund their expensive habit.17 This can easily be related with the criticism of Mills Harm Theory that smoking is not an other regarding action due to its cost to society. If smoking was to be banned completely the increase in crime because of this would have a larger detrimental cost than would be saved through the decrease in NHS and social spending.The question remains, should smoking be banned? Strictly following the Harm Principle it would seem that smoking should be banned in public, but in private, as then it is only harming the user. However, this is only the case if you agree that smoki ng in private is a self regarding action. We have seen arguments both for and against demote smoking as a completely other regarding action and if this is the case then in theory smoking should be completely banned. Smoking should also be banned completely if you believe the state should play a paternalistic role in protecting its citizens from the harm of smoking. Consent obviously plays a role in this topic and we have seen how it has been argued that a smoker who consents to the harm should be allowed to continue smoking, although there have even been contradictions to this. Practicality should not forgotten, and a complete ban in smoking raises some serious concerns about the social effect this would have.It seems then that a compromise is needed in order to locate whether smoking should be banned. A ban in public places seems to be best solution to the problem it protects passive smokers yet eliminates the danger to society that would occur if smoking was completely banned. O f course, some would argue we are still letting individuals harm themselves, however adult humans know the risk of smoking, and on a whole the cost to the individual is less than the possible cost to society. It seems J.S Mills Harm Principle is ideal for addressing the question of a smoking ban, and a ban on public smoking, as seen in the UK and states around the world is the best solution.1 N. Barry, Modern Political Theory 4th ed. (Basingstoke Macmillan Press Ltd, 2000) p.2112 ibidem p.2113 D.D. Raphael, Problems of Political Philosophy 2ND ed. (London Pall Mall Press Ltd, 1990) p.784http/smokefree.nhs.uk/why-go-smokefree/secondhand-smoke/ accessed December 5 20095 R. Garner, Introduction to Politics (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2009) p.1006 Garner (2009) p1018 Rapheal (1990) p.669 Ibid. p6610 Barry (2000) p.10111 Rapheal (1990) p.8112 R.E Goodin, The Ethics of Smoking, Ethics, Vol.99, No.3, (1989) p.58813 Goodin (1989) p.58614 Ibid. p.58615 Goodin (1989) p.57916Ibid p.58617 Barry (2001) p.219