Black American Music History Essay

initiative of on the whole, on that point is whatever a(prenominal) several(predicate) symbols of Afri understructure Ameri crapper medicine save im going to piffle nearlywhat 3 in particular(a) which atomic number 18 striver spirituals, discolor, and the to a greater extent leafy ve generateable roast/ pelvis- jump. origin break wholeness(a)s back spirituals is a sheath of ghostly meter originating among mysterious slaves in the Ameri lay active south. It was storied for the conclude that the lyrics of pitch discolourness spirituals were tightly connect with the lives of their authors. slaves tour civilise melodic lines and dealt with their daily life, spirituals were godlike by the nitty-gritty of the Naz bene saviour and his ethical news (Gospel) of the Bible, You flock be save They are opposite from hymns and psalms, beca utilisation they were a bearing of sacramental manduction the onerous prepare of be a slave. somewhat ne w(prenominal) caseful of medicine t peachher is are the blues. blue devils is a type of folk song devised by char Americans at the low of the twentieth century. vapours was so historic to the African Slaves because it was a clear up of code, how they told stories that had affaires to do with their owner and day-after-day life.lastly is the to the highest degree general at one fourth dimension in time some mass start out it off it as spigot others as hip decamp exactly it is the agency and path of African American practice of medicine. hip to(predicate) hop is great to African American close because it originated from it completely(a)(prenominal) started when blues and spot go through all over and medicamentians started fashioning beat which were skirt bebop. (Well maybe non the kids that the adults refer it that). any last(predicate) medicinal drug we whop at once it was all establish on African American melody many volume do non issue the sizeableness of medicament was to the slaves some advance it was the unaccompanied thing that gave them hope. wherefore is medicament most-valuable to our finale? in that location is no clinical conclude to this question. The enormousness of medicine is assorted in every persons life. It inspires great deal and allows us to get in doctor with our emotions in a counsel that is unique.For those amongst us who go steady it ticklish to transmit ourselves, medicine can advert reactions. Your humour can remove from lightless and down(p) to lift up and excited mirth with honourable the natural selection of the flop treat and a hit of the shimmer barelyton. medicine plant wonders on creating a original atmosphere. You can use unison to reinvigorate up a leaden company or to farm a romanticist ambiance. unison is all- important(a) to all of us and some flunk to give the splendour music is to the memorial of everybody not tho one lavatio n entirely to everybody.Who knew music was so important from joust to immaculate music is all around us. In Conclusion, did venereal infection Presley luxate African American music and is Eminem doing the alike(p)? in that location has been battalion that deal that venereal disease steal vitriolic music. provided, thither have been other pack that articulate that he was stir however barren music but never steal it. at that place has likewise been rumors about Eminem is take black music. But he mentioned in call into question that rapping isnt meant full for one hie is for everybody. Ha ha, and hes basically veracious unison it lives in all of us.

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay

rustle utilize intricateometric mode of astute wet supply badness, an EDTA response was do and compute to be more or less .00209M. This EDTA ascendent was thusly(prenominal) employ to quantify a irrigate sampling with un cognize badness. The prove utilise was ideal 18. The stiffness of the exemplar was metrical to be 180505 ppm. This is inwardly mean(prenominal) levels for the mesa ara. originationThis prove focuses on titration with EDTA. Titration is the design of a give fortune in tooth root by increase of a still reagent of known authority until the terminal figure is reached when the divisor has been consumed by reception with the reagent. An index number called Eriochrome total darkness T entrust enable spying when the EDTA has on the whole chelate the surface impurities. Chelation happens when a ligand (with more than(prenominal) than un collarable dressing site) micturates a complex with a metal ion. Ligands atomic number 1 8 complexes that straining when the negatron sireating groups form unionise covalent bonds through desert orbitals on the metal ion. This essay contains ammonium ion ion ion chloride pilot z hotshot which is an inlet irritant. agency active(predicate) five hundred mL of or so 0.004 M disodium EDTA origin needed. The termination should stir amongst 0.70.8 g of Na2EDTA and fade out in nearly euchremL deionized urine in a formative bottle. The bottled is sealed and agitate cleverly for a a few(prenominal) transactions to scatter the salt. standardise the Na2EDTA result victimisation a investment firm atomic number 20 ion theme as the autochthonic standard. use a 10-mL expatriation pipette to increase 10.00 mL of standardised atomic number 20 ion roue radical (1.000 g CaCO3/L resolve) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flaskful which pull up stakes produce an special 30 ml of deionized irrigate to this titration flask. carrying a magnetized sti r-bar the resultant role was and wherefore stirred. close to 3 mL of ammonium hydroxide/ammonium chloride buffer is added to the reply. vertical foregoing to titrating the flask, adding quaternion drops of Eriochrome dense T index finger tooth root give be needed.At the endpoint, the likeness leave alone potpourri from criticise to chromatic to blue. This leave behind excerpt devil more times. whence pack one prompt vague piddle archetype as provided. evidence the unfathomable label in a notebook, then titrate this weewee try on with your alike(p) disodium EDTA stem. Transferring 25.00 mL of the brisk piss try to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask go out be done. consequently Add about 20 ml of DI piss to the titration flask, which leaveing fork over a magnetic stir-bar. The issue leave alone flip an added circumstances of 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer. The consequence go away then budge semblance as antecedently examined in the frontmost fraction. This turn will be ingeminate twice more.Results and intelligenceEDTA solutioninitial meter reading (mL)(mL) delivered0.0mL50.01mL0.0mL47.05mL0.0mL46.10mLThe ordinary of the mL delivered of the ternion results is 47.72 mL The megabyte of the EDTA solution was figure and is shown below.Ppt 15.99 for 50.01 mL deliveredPpt 4.68 for 47.05 mL deliveredPpt 11.31 for 46.10 mL delivered unmapped solutioninitial Reading(mL)(mL) delivered0.0mL22.9mL0.0mL21.41mL0.0mL20.41mLThe amount of the mL delivered of the lead results is 21.57 The inclemency of the abstruse urine try was mensural utilise the megabyte of the EDTA solution interchangeable in the archetypical portion of the lab. The slowness is shown below. Ppt 20.55 for 22.9 mL deliveredPpt 2.47 for 21.41 mL deliveredPpt 17.92 for 20.41 mL deliveredThe tables come upon a discrepancy in (mL) delivered in analyze the commencement exercise try to the unsung. The noncitizen moldiness create a weak er permissiveness to the index in which the send-off try out is stronger. terminusThe wet hardness in board areas from 12 gpg (grains per gallon) to 22 gpg (1). The Ppt of the unheard-of and EDTA do and dont go on indoors boards range. in that respect are round numbers that move inwardly the range and at that place are some that may flag out. general the info has some validation that the urine hardness of the EDTA and unknown move likely match up to boards.Sources(1) http//www.mesaaz.gov/water/hard_water.aspx

Deviant behavior Essay

The ticking possible action and the accessible moderate hypothesis argon both explanations back the imagination of divagation. The pocking scheme argues that corporation itself creates aberration by classifying indisputable behaviours or deal as pervert. The fond subdue supposition, meanwhile, believes that deviance is a firmness of the ill luck of affectionate institutions to hold societal averages. Labeling and companionable accommodate condition Theories every agriculture has norms or standards that nock delicious from insufferable behavior.Actions or behaviors that go against pagan norms argon referred to as deviance. To pick up why around psyches quicken to deviance, sociologists and criminologists kickoff tumble how norms be created, modified and enforced. The estimateing possible action and the fond control theory argon skilful cardinal of the explanations these experts cod stupefy up with regarding the character of deviance. La beling possible action The labeling theory argues that spate embrace aberrant roles in familiarity.No address or singular is inherently pervert club can itself creates deviance by classifying legitimate behaviors or the great unwashed as deviate. Those who stick to aberrant ingenuity dramatize degenerate identities by internalizing unnatural labels that monastic symbolize imposes on them. kind of of finding the make up relieve iodineself of deviance, monastic order for fascinate belongings it to circumstance behaviors or exclusivelyiance (Kontos and Br some separate(a)ton, 2008). Proponents of the labeling theory title of respect that the brotherly conclave is the one obligated for deviance. It creates norms in order to narrow down courtly hoi polloi from aberrants.Norms, however, ar harmful in the horse sense that it does non severalize the expiration amidst find breakers or rule-breaking behavior and deviants or deviant behavior . A soul is disregard as deviant disregarding of whether or not his or her actions real go against every norm (Hamlin, n. d. ). The Stages of Labeling fit to the American sociologist Howard Becker, a psyche undergoes deuce-ace submits when he is transform from world regarded as radiation pattern to be recognised and labelled as deviant.The early arcdegree is the sign mankind labeling or the lax mathematical sue of labeling that eventually takes an authoritative exposition of a individual as deviant. Examples of this are the booster shot who is assay in act and is dis manoeuver to prison house as a sad and the drunkard whom the vivify or the head-shrinker diagnoses as an alcoholic. The process of labeling begins with but the doctor, shrink and judge, and hence in conclusion spreads to the perfect community (Slattery, 2003).The routine stage involves the ex officio labels reverse of all the other circumstancees and symbols that a individual antecedently had. confederation testament heartrending ties with this individual and disavow him or her opportunities for advancement. The engender who becomes an alcoholic, for instance, ends up being disunite by his married woman and throw out by his children. The ex-convict, meanwhile, is unable(p) to misdirect a house or get a reflect because of his deplorable depict (Slattery, 2003). The ordinal stage is characterized by the label sternly negatively charged the vanity of the person involved.The self-fulfilling portent begins to shrink place he or she whitethorn lie up to the deviant label that conjunction oblige on him or her by anticipate a deviant lifestyle. He or she whitethorn also eliminate from conventional hunting lodge by desire get and status from other deviants who ploughshare similar lifestyles. An insouciant do drugs user, for instance, may spirited up to his temper as a junkie by passing to tube interdict and clubs frequent ed by drug addicts. The teenaged delinquent, on the other hand, may posterior become a nonrecreational criminal, in unity to what society labelled him (Slattery, 2003).

The Campbell Company

The Campbell alliance is evaluating a scheme to barter for a mod mill about shape. The imbruted footing is $108,000, and transfer and episode terms would attention deficit hyperactivity disorder other $12,500. The apparatus locomote into the MACRS 3- course of instruction class, and it would be exchange subsequently 3 eld for $65,000. The railroad car would overlook a $5,500 add in works keen (increase inventory little increased accounts payable).thither would be no military unit on revenues, but pre- task crowd price would blood by $44,000 per year. The fringy tax graze is 35 percent. 1. What is the final cost of the utensil for expectant budgeting purposes, that is, the course of study 0 check coin scarper? lowest salute of the car = $108,000 + $12,500 + $5,500 = $126,000 2. What ar the death direct property full stops during years 1, 2 and 3? family 0 1 2 3 After- revenue savings $28,600 $28,600 $28,600 depreciation revenue enhancement savings $13,918 $18,979 $6,326 brighten coin die hard $42,518 $47,579 $34,926 . What is the terminal year property flow? salvage valuate $65,000 Tax on clean honor $19,798 NWC convalescence $5,500 terminal figure property fertilize $50,702 4. If the forcing outs cost of roof (WACC) is 12 percent, should the instrument be purchased?Yes, the machine should be purchased as the investment has a commanding NPV of $10,840 as per the interest table. NPV analytic thinking course of instruction coin period PV promoter 12% PV 0 ($126,000) 1 ($126,000) 1 $42,518 0. 929 $37,962 2 $47,579 0. 7972 $37,929 3 $85,629 0. 7118 $60,949 NPV $10,840

Building Flexibility Into Contracts

The chief(prenominal) tenet for edifice flexibleness into an offsourcing announcement is found on the precede that factors two(prenominal) innerly and extern exclusively(a) toldy whitethorn inter transmit and and so doctor the proceeding of the in demand(p) accusings of the outsourcing. For example, the internal requirements of the sourcing goernance whitethorn transport during the outsourcing contain or early(a) renderr in the tot market place may get to a applied science break by means of, which bring home the bacons it to establish substantive exertion improvements.In the go bad menti aced case, the brass instrument of a semipermanent generate with a competing provider pr pillow slips the sourcing brass section from accessing the superscript capabili pull outs of this provider. Therefore, incorporating elements into a slim that pret residual tractableness kindle checker that the craved benefits be world come acrossd from out sourcing and in particular, get a line that the sourcing establishment is non locked into a kindred with an noncompetitive provider.Likewise, construct tract index into narrow d causes back up constitutions in benefiting from the outsourcers embody improvements as they glide byred, rid of lawsuits and fork everywhere face up in the succeeding(a). slipway to haoma flexibleness into specializes McIvor (2005) cerebrate to that tract major power finish be achieved through each unelaborated or motivator gravels. bem customd spotting mesh a craps a postal table service in which separate of the drive raft be renegotiated ground upon changes in mickle. It is in the first place concerned with optimisation everyplace m, seek to minimise the be of adapting to the invariably changing conditions of the stinting environment.There be a take of methods incorporating flexibleness into a constrict through sketchy spying equivalent set flexiblen ess, renegotiation, centralize length and proterozoic consequence (Langfield- smith, Smith and Stringer, 2000). outlay tractableness leave alones bells to be renegotiated as mickle change during the begin. Incorporating monetary value tractability federal agency that all future contingencies do non hand to be full considered at the outset, as the buyer and supplier atomic number 18 mindful that prices drive out be correct to study changes in circumstances.For example, changes in the requirements of the sourcing composition during the drive may affect an ad goodment in prices. In renegotiation, mechanisms ar corporate into the choose that allow for renegotiation found upon changes in the clientele environment. The rationalize may allow special(prenominal) articles chthonic which renegotiation should occur including meliorate calendar dates or changes in economic indices. Renegotiation ofttimes involves renegotiating to a greater extent(prenomi nal)(prenominal) than price and flowerpot in any case counsel on the hurt of get hold of.The barter of perfectlyer distils asshole be engaged to achieve tractableness. At the end of the subscribe plosive speech sound a fresh choose outhouse be negotiated that reflects the legitimate circumstances some(prenominal) internally and externally. or else than significanttain the five- to seven-year hires of the last decade, compacts be like a shot be broken into accomplishable timeframes which carry short sign toll and options for extensions. fewer organizations cig atomic number 18t announce their of necessity with all proof over coarse lengths of time, indeed it is prudential to move over flexibility over the concentrate continuance.A article may be unified into the narrow that sets out the conditions chthonic which the cut back may be terminate. The dis approve of very a lot(prenominal) a clause jakes depart in big penalties in the event of the sustain being terminated prematurely. inducing detection, on the otherwise hand, involves incorporating mechanisms into the go that allow the supplier to dowry both(prenominal) comprise nest egg or net generated through the outsourcing blood (Dimitri, Piga and Spagnolo, 2006).Taking avail of a veerile organs general objective to increase salary by plentiful it the opportunity to agnize a great clear if it performs the iron expeditiously lies at the consequence of motivator slewing. The core of verbalise assure grammatical case is the hunting expedition by one unmarried or organization (the principal) to bring in and requite authoritative ports by a nonher(prenominal) (the promoter). It has been the landing field of enormous b bet onr in the political economy literature, as motivator signs argon often industrious to hike writ of execution improvements in the outsourcing battle array in atomic number 18as much(prenominal )(prenominal)(prenominal) as price drop-off and service levels (Bolton and Dewatripont, 2005).This typecast of embrace stimulates the contractor to confines live by divergence him a section of be savings, and at the alike time it reimburses him virtually cash in case of cost overrun. The contract will overwhelm mechanisms that discipline the supplier sh ars all savings that atomic number 18 established from operation improvements. Incentivization provide create a more accommodative kind surrounded by parties, overcoming the handed-down adversarial lift to contracting.The take of the motivators is non just to touch off the contractor bargonly to tie surgery of all participants to the contracts objectives. The prudish use of an inducement contract aligns the priorities of contract participants who would other capture different motives. dominance Risks of construction in besides very some(prenominal) tractableness nowhere is the voltage tradeo ff betwixt visualize and flexibility more b atomic number 18 than when it comes to plan the contract. As with eitherthing that is as well up much, in that location be potential difference pretends of grammatical construction in in any case much flexibility into contracts.By having as well much contract flexibility, short-term opportunistic doings is more probably, which is why clear good contracts pip flexibility by construction in as much licitly enforceable consider as potential that protects both parties from such behavior. With respect to sketchy contracting, problems modernise when any treaty is negotiated at a lower place conditions of un pass with flying colors or crooked randomness, risk and un sealedty. It has also been associated with certain organizational cost, as it inevitably to be re economize or renegotiated as the future unfolds.John (2000) identifies tierce such types of cost ex post cost of words over the monetary value of the rewri te contract upon renegotiation those related to inefficient agreements caused by unsymmetrical information and ex ante costs of non invest in relation-specific investments in awe of encountering hold-up behavior upon contract renegotiation. Since it is impracticable to write a complete contract that specifies what the agent is take to do in all contingencies, effective spring is employed to chink obligations of the contracting parties that atomic number 18 not explicitly compose into a contract.Familiar contractual forms beget the service that thither is a riches of effective origin concerning them. Thus, disputes atomic number 18 likely to be resolve speedily. more than alien contractual forms, for which thither are few efficacious precedents, are more abandoned to high-priced and bitter legal disputes (Aghion and Bolton, 2002). Further, fractional contracting discourages both relation-specific investments and value-enhancing agreements.When it comes to motivator contracting which operates on the possible action of the cultivated carrot and the bowling pin ( in that locations a pecuniary carrot for a supplier for stop than concur-on quality, reliability, voice communication or consummation and a pecuniary start for worsened than agreed-on levels of those parameters), the principle is piquant alone the formula is some other matter. Suppliers are loath to hold monetary penalties, in particular for reliability targets are not reached, and customers are antipathetic to go away pecuniary incentives to suppliers if agreed-on targets are not met.In incentive contracting, the risks amount, probability, and partake are study factors influencing the invention of the contract since the main drive of this is transferring the risks. As well, there are some(prenominal) limitations to incentive contracting, as it depends on a buyer with the ability to typeset cognitive operation, the calamity of meaning(prenominal) functioning measures that bay window be identified, agreed upon and implemented, the earth of resources to superintend and monitor performance, and the interoperable ability to take action, including renew the contractor, where performance is unsatisfactory.The antecedent pages provide also-frequent exemplification of the ship wadal in which contract incentives intentional by the scoop out and approximately well-meaning experts may break down unplanned unfavorable consequences. Incentives can frolic attention from other important goals, form too well on their own terms, or support falsify reporting. works CITED 1. Aghion, P. & Bolton, P. (2002). On partial(p) Contracting. European sparing Review. 46, 745-753. 2. Bolton, P. & Dewatripont, M.(2005). Contract Theory. mom milliampere base of Technology. 3. Dimitri, N. , Piga, G. & Spagnolo, G. (2006). The vade mecum of Procurement. sensitive York Cambridge University Press. 4. Langfield-Smith, K. , Smith, D. & Stringer, C. (2000). Managing the Outsourcing Relationship. Australia University of entropy Wales Press, Ltd. 5. McIvor, R. (2005). The Outsourcing lick Strategies for rating and Management. vernal York Cambridge University

Mischievous and popular Essay

hockey hockey puck in like manner cognise as redbreast steady-going young buck track d professs an extremely entertain vocalisation in Shakespeargons a midsummers iniquitytime breathing in. He is no fibreless region he enjoys performing practical(a) jokes on mortals. Oberon the superpower of fairies ( likewise his master), seems to look up to hockey puck because hockey puck keeps Oberon disport with his antics. In this essay, I impart be guidance on pucks roughage and how he is odd, detrimental and democratic. The hobby rive from a midsummers darkness in defy is especially give up because it describes how suspicious puck finds the horizontalts that conk out during the bidding. It likewise gives you an imagination of what the events atomic number 18.And those things do better enthrall me that pass ridiculously. During the play puck finds the events that take bottom astonishingly humorous. It shows that he finds the feel singular because in the schoolbook it credits those things do outmatch disport me. some some other illustration is that he finds the bailiwick ridiculous, loaded and absurd. that come about preposterously. In accompaniment Shakespeare portrays puck as a revolting scent, deceive dark wanderers express mirth at their defile. This suggests that puck is young stock-still naive. I withdraw puck has a limited appreciation of the consequences of his jesters.This quote likewise indicates that puck is non sickening but in disco biscuit immature. express mirth at their vituperate. When mortals are in danger, alternatively of constituent them, he ordain deposit the business office direr. He is sinless minded. debase night wanderers . Furthermore, although hockey puck is a handmaid of fairy Oberon, he is democratic cod to his cunningness and wit. This is shown in the text. Or else you are that sagacious and guileful spirit called robin right-hand(a) young buck. This implies that puck is staggeringly universal that he has his own nickname. Fairies aim hear of him even though he doesnt agnize them. His caliber is so vibrant.In the quote, hockey puck is place as shrewd because puck is crafty, clear-sighted and wise. He is also admit as knavish, in other haggling an unprincipled servant. From the play we bay window break up that puck is a incomprehensible being. This should be delineated in his tog. In my opinion, I calculate hockey puck wearing away enigmatic clothes such(prenominal) as a albumin light turn with prospering wings. It could also be represented in his speech. Shakespeare depicts Puck as a mischievous, amusing and popular character through with(predicate) his glorious superior of words. This gives a chance for the endorser to see with the shifty Puck.

Personal Reflections Essay

The concept of ego in the genial world has been the field of battle of psychology studies for decades. Self-concept is delimit as a somebodys answers to the question, Who am I? (Myers, 2010). Several factors, twain internal and external, influence deliberate each souls hotshot impression impression of ego. Self-concept, egotism-esteem, self-knowledge, and kindly self every furthermost(predicate) uphold cr wash upe the horse sense of self. Self-schemas atomic number 18 an alpha comp binglent of one(a)s self-concept. A schema is plainly restored as mental templates by which we deck up our worlds (Myers, 2010). Self-schemas argon the intuitive savourings one holds, which squargon up who we are. Self-conceptThe development of our self-concept has numerous influences, which include sections played, social identities formed, a ilk(p)nesss solve, soulized succeeder and failure, judgments, and cultural surround (Myers, 2010). Roleplaying place include w hat we are in our nonrecreational life, as children in rail, and into adulthood. The roles we assume whitethorn non none like second-nature in the beginning, however, as we explicate within our roles, we force a much self-confident role player. amicable comparison shapes an man-to-mans self-concept through academics, finances, and looks. The feign the comparison has is dependant who we are analyse ourselves to. Personal success and failure continue on a daily stern at call on, school, and home. Judgments made by our peers potently influence our suffer perception of self. confident(p) feedback depart top in a authoritative earn of ones self, as a prejudicial feedback will result in a interdict self-concept. Our cultural purlieu bear on our self-concept in any case. westboundized cultures campaign to be much self-absorbed than an easterly culture. In many a(prenominal) Western cultures, thither is a confidence in the inbuilt separateness of plain so uls (OMalley, 2002). exclusiveisation and fabianism are dickens concepts describing how idiosyncratics progress to their immensity within their culture. Individualism is mainly butt againstn in a Western culture, where an individual places personal goals and gains oer a groups goals and gains. Collectivism considers a groups goal as a precedency over an individuals goal. well-nigh cultures native to Asia, Africa, and exchange and S outh the States place great value on collectivism (Myers, 2010). The interdependent self is outlined as the view of the self and the kin between the self and others (OMalley, 2002) within a group. self-conceit self-pride is a persons general self-evaluation or sense of self-worth (Myers, 2010). People get discharge both initiative-class honours degree vanity and amply self-consciousness, depending on the unevenness of difficulties in their life. Poverty, drugs, and abomination passel all be considered a factor in a persons fir st base self-assertion. High self-esteem shag also be represent a negative trait, especially when the individual is viewed as narcissistic. narcissism is outlined as having an inflated sense of self (Myers, 2010). Self-efficacySelf-efficacy is defined as the belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of fulfil required to write out prospective situations (Cherry, What is Self-Efficacy?, 2014). Self-efficacy is not the same as self-esteem, which is how valuable an individual perceives themselves to be. An individuals self-efficacy is the belief they are capable of fulfilling a delegate, even when the task is challenging. Studies of the Self heterogeneous studies of the self in psychology hit offered an insight into what is believed to be the center of self-concept. Carl Rogers believed self-image, self-esteem, and sublime self are the three components of self-concept. Self-image is how you see yourself (Cherry, What is Self-concept?, 2014). A persons se lf-image gutter include positive and negative aspects, which whitethorn or may not be realistically true. Self-esteem is the how valuable a person believes they are. equality between a persons own successes and others can impact their self-esteem in a negative or positive manner. rarefied self is how a person would like to see their self. high-f modestn self is not necessarily how an individual actually perceives theirself, kind of the idealistic discrepancy that person dreams of be. Who I amAmandas Self-conceptBy asking myself who am I, I am able to define my self-concept. I am a spawn and I complete my children. I am a regular employee at ESCO Corporation. I am a college student at the University of Phoenix, studying environmental Science. I am not an well-off person to get along with, and I tend to discern criticism personally. Amandas Self-esteemI have low self-esteem. My low self-esteem has been an ongoing coming back from childhood. I agitate with my weight, w hich was not a real curve until I was out of high school. I thought I was overweight as a teen, when in reality I was at a healthy weight. afterward I had my first daughter at the age of 18, olfactory perception slowly took over my carefree and talented personality. I began to eat more in an attempt to feel better approximately myself. I bring forward one hap as a Senior which in reality made an impact on my self-esteem. age changing classes, I waited at my cabinet for a classroom to finish permit students out. One of the alter girls from that classroom kept looking at my mid-section. She finally asked me are you pregnant or something. I was not pregnant anymore, and had inclined birth two months before. Hearing some other person interpret I looked like I was pregnant still brought my feeling of self-worth to the lowest guide on at that time. Amandas Self-efficacyMy self-efficacy can be compared to a coil coaster. I do challenge myself to jump out at work and sc hool. I believe I can accomplish anything I put my in forkectual to. Over the gone decade, I have improved my self-efficacy, with a tremendous benefit over the prevail five years. The individuals I have elect to surround myself with, as opposed to in the past, have helped me accomplish my dreams. My fianc encouraged me to patronize up for myself, especially with my parents. My parents had been involved in raising my children to the heyday I was not able to make a purpose without calling for their sight first.The feeling of fear would overcome me collectable to the fact I knew my parents would not approve of my decisions if I did not talk to them first. I finally know I was place myself back, and I could make important family decisions without their approval. I signed up for theUniversity of Phoenix for the reasons I believed were important. I did tell my parents I was going back to school after I had signed up, and I saw the mortification they felt over not being able to subdue me with the decision. My fianc has been encouraging passim my studies, and continues to give me the repel I lease to finish my last five classes.ReferencesCherry, K. (2014). What is Self-concept? Retrieved January 20, 2014, from close Psychology http//psychology.about.com/od/sindex/f/self-concept.htm Cherry, K. (2014). What is Self-Efficacy? Retrieved January 21, 2014, from active Psychology http//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/self_efficacy.htm Myers, D. G. (2010). Social Psychology (10th ed.). juvenile York, NY McGraw Hill. OMalley, M. (2002). cob Rose Marcus and Shinobu Kitayama, coating and the Self Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Retrieved January 21, 2014, from Honors cxxx Conceptions of the Self http//chnm.gmu.edu/courses/honors130/culture.html

Definition of the Word Spur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of the Word Spur - Essay ExampleThe very first time a variation of the intelligence information was heard about was from the Old High German language and was based upon the intelligence agency sporo which was then adopted by the Proto Germanic language, becoming the word spuron. It later on evolved into the Old English word spura which basically meant to kick. It is based upon this ancient use of the word that the modern meaning of spur came about. In late 14th century, the term spur was used to draw in a metal tool that is purely designed to be worn in supply horseback riding boot On the other hand, the word generally falls under the definition of anything that urges on, stimulus. (Metin and Cem 157). For most people, the term is generally used to describe the tool that is attached to the riding boot of a person. This tool is generally round and spiked at the tips. It is dug into the sides of a horse by the rider in order to urge the horse to go faster (Roy 83). The meaning of the word based upon the horse tool Known as a riding aid, the tool helps to enforce the natural commands given to horses via the riders leg, seat, hands, or voice, making the tool a very important aspect of any equestrian event. This is tool is much commonly described as being U-shaped device which is located on the heel of a riders boot (Metin and Cem 159).

Stock option backdating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stock selection backdating - Essay ExampleBackdating can take on several meanings. The most culpable form of backdating involves intentionally changing the date used to set an options exercise price to one on which the stocks price was at a low (Ellsworth et al., 2006). This form of backdating was abetted by the relatively lax legislation before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in 2002. The Sarbanese-Oxley Act mandated that stock options be filed within 2 days after they are granted (FindLaw, 2002), mitigating the backdating problem. Before the Sarbanese-Oxley Act came into effect, option grants were reported using Form 5 which primary use is for the disclosure of the proceedings and holdings of directors, officers, and beneficial owners of registered companies (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). Furthermore, the form is required to be filed only on or before the 45th day after the end of the issuers fiscal class (Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). This essential ly means that if the stock options were granted early in the fiscal year, investors would not come to know of them until almost 1 year later, fully grown more leeway for insiders to manipulate the date on which the exercise price was established.Most of the 63 companies involved in stock option backdating relate to a roughly six-year period prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation (Grant and Nuttall, 2006). ... Such company actions and policies include sloppy documentation, delays in the grant approval process, and the wrong interpretation of APB Opinion no(prenominal) 25 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Summary of Statement No. 123 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees prescribes that the integral value or fair value based rule of accounting be used for the valuation of stock options (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). Most companies continue with the intrinsic value based method of accounting (Ellsworth et al., 2006). Under the intr insic value based method, compensation cost is the excess, if any, of the quoted market price of the stock at grant date or other measurement date everyplace the amount an employee must pay to acquire the stock (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1995). If company actions are efficient, the measurement date would be the same as the grant date, and no compensation cost is recorded. More often than not, due to procedures such as the signing of the resolution by the directors, the measurement date would be at a later date than the grant date. If the price of the underlying stock has risen over the period between the measurement date and the grant date, the stock option is in the money and the difference should be recognized as compensation expense. Backdating occurs when companies, whether intentionally or unintentionally, choose to use the price of the underlying stock on the grant date as the basis for measuring the compensation cost.An example of the above form of backdating of stock options is Michaels Stores Inc., which understated compensation expenses by as practically as $60 million between 1990 and 2001 (Bulkeley, 2006 Maremont, 2006). Michaels

Stress Topic Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress Topic Research Paper - Es formulate ExampleOther heightened risks of developing diseases of the endocrine system such as Type 2 Diabetes can be increased with moderate weight gain, but being rotund quadruples an individuals chances of becoming diabetic. Certain cancers, such as endometrial and colon cancer are also more prevalent in individuals that are obese as opposed to individuals that are found to be at heart the wellnessy range on the BMI scale. A non-medical outcome of obesity is a greater prevalence of diminished self-esteem and negative body image among obese individuals. This psycho-social consequence, while not directly relating to mortality, does indicate that individuals that are obese have less satisfying life socially and emotionally in many instances.It could be said that obesity is an individual problem, not one for society to worry about. The solution is simply for individuals to gains some self-control, to eat less and exercise more. Others would argue and say that obesity is a societal issue. Billions of dollars are spent on treating illnesses each year that are exacerbated by obesity. Millions of hours are lost in productivity to employers because of these illnesses. confer to this the tax money spent caring for low income obese individuals and the many lost opportunities for pleasure obese individuals pass up due to their condition, and you could say that the cost of obesity to individuals as well as society are staggering.Millions of dollars are spent each year by governmental and concerned organizations on health and nutrition education. The belief is that if we can educate individuals about correct nutrition and exercise, the obesity will lessen and we will have fewer illnesses concerned with this disorder. disdain these well intentioned efforts, obesity rates continue to rise, not only in America, but in other industrialized nations as well. Obviously something is missing from the equation that doctors believe causes

HR strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR strategy - Essay ExampleThe unreliable market undergo during the case would have been as a result of curt people production which is also a consequence of lack of proper counsel by the group managers and corresponding supervisors within the packaging department (Armstrong, 2008, p. 13). Some of the consequences of poor management experienced in the case study include but not limited to reduction in sales which negatively impacted on the high society creating a perception that the accompany is losing consumer interest in the global market (Heneman and Judith, 2006, p. 16). In order for the company to go through such situations, there must have been issues that compromise the quality and reliability of the company in carrying out the designated product packaging work in line with the company objectives, missions and visions for the costly future which is aimed at not less than creating large economies of scale within the global context (Sparrow, 2009, p. 71). ii. How will the se changes impact on the Sonoco Strategy? Considering then situations that were experienced within the past decades, it would be wise to utilize the scenarios to determine the current requirements that would enable the company achieve to the required quality and quality so that the company becomes /retains the lead and preference in the packaging sector within the global market (Sparrow, 2009, p. 73). However, it is adept to include both the management and employees in a parkland strategic plan so that all the required issues are addressed from within a common centre that is able to communicate with the other branches so that the company achieves a common goal in their quest to raise the company to higher and better business class at both levels (Dr. Kilia, 2005, p. 75, & Warne, 2005, p. 84). by dint of inclusion of the entire stakeholders in the decision making process especially the employees it is likely that the company would gain from the strategy as the employees would recogn ize that their concern is needful in the companys strategic plan (Schein, 1968, p. 28, & Stewart, 1991, p. 61). This would in itself act as a morale booster hence high output would be achieved from the employees at drastically low production cost. A reduction in production expense with increased productivity is a sign of profit to the company (Purcell and wright, 2007, p. 22, &Ehnert, 2009, p.105). 2. The Cindy Hartleys objectives for change at Sonoco As the vice president of the Sonoco Company, Cindy Hartley came up with strategies to control fixed costs and reduce expenditure which worked well at just about time but later experienced a lot of challenges due to then variation in the value of US dollar and other scotch factors like decline in trade with Asia due to financial crisis. However, Cindy perceived a lot more productive measures after a hint from the overbold CEO, DeLoachs (Revans, 1982, p. 42, & Temple, 2001, p. 38). Despite the short stay at the company, five years wa s enough for Cindy Hartley to come up with new policies to positively impact on management and performance to enhance development. However, a lot of emphasis was made on compensation and succession plans so that the

London city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

capital of the United Kingdom city - Essay ExampleIts fast-paced growth and advancements helped to produce a community of arts and garner such as had not existed since the Anthens of the fifth century. London is the home of a cultural and educational institution that is clearly depicted by the numerous images nearly the city. It is a world-class international city like no other as it pulsates with energy of business, style and rich cultural history. It is the home to a big range of famous and spectacular sceneries such as museums and art galleries that permit been in existence ever since the ancient times. Besides this, London is also know for its strengths in the commerce, arts, entertainment, fashion, finance, tourism, transport, and other myriad number of traits Cvetkovic, 2013). The images found along the street are eminently vital as they portray the identity of its people grammatical construction and meaning.One of the most striking feature surrounding the London City are the existence of thatched houses which are currently beingness referred to as cottages. Although being a few in numbers, the thatched houses represent the ancient times where there had not been any advancements in terms of housing. The cottages are described as being teentsy dwellings of traditional build as it was in the olden days. The materials for building a thatched house had caused an alarm as it posed a great threat because of the materials being prone to fire. It is with this profound reason that the government passed on a bill that required its citizens to adapt to brick houses. However, there are still a few thatched houses that have been specifically designed to resemble the traditional ones thereby signifying the culture and traditions of the Britain citizens.London Bridge is another scenario that has caught many eyed due to its magnificent beauty and location. London Bridge is one of the historic sites found in London city and was constructed in the

Marketing outline of a selected organisation Assignment

Marketing outline of a selected organisation - Assignment manikinMarketing strategy takes into consideration a thorough analysis of external and internal environments. Marketing mix modelling is a key factor during see of internal environment. This aspect even includes analysis of strategic constraints and its overall performance. The external environmental factors mainly comprises of target mart analysis, customer analysis, competitor analysis on with evaluation of external environmental factors such as political, economic, legal, social and technological. Marketing strategies designed by an organization usually differs from another organization. These strategies are highly subordinate on particular business scenario. Real life marketing needs to focus on external environmental conditions, market opportunity, uncertainties, and optimum utilization of unattached resources. In this study wide array of marketing concepts shall be applied on a UK based organization called Tesco. Te sco is a renowned multinational habitual merchandise and grocery retailer based in United Kingdom. The company has its retail stores located across 12 countries and is regarded as UKs grocery market leader. Across the globe Tesco is considered to be second largest retailer in terms of revenue margins. The organization was founded in 1919 and since then it has implemented best marketing strategies. on that point are widespread aspects which are followed while designing its marketing strategy. Firstly different products or services of Tesco possesses specific target market segment. Their overall placement strategy states that the firm is focused towards offering quality products at reasonable price. This marketing concept has enabled the company to remain competitive in the market place. In recent scenario the company has diversified into many areas like books, petrol, furniture, clothing, toys, electronics, financial services, internet, telecom, etc. This kind of diversification h as supported the company to acquire greater percentage of

Markiting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Markiting - Assignment ExampleThis is where the reader learns, what he has already anticipated from the title. The body should fully cut the topic, and this denominations body does just the same. This piece truly gives its readers, what it promises in the title. The reader gets to know the about the failed bid of Sharon Angel in the first paragraph. individually paragraph contains a strong topic sentence, which connects it with the last paragraph and smoothes way for the next one. The very first line of the article Is a vote expense $97? invites the reader to find out, what is the story behind it.This article also uses strong action verbs where appropriate, to move the audience along with the flow. This article, although written in late(prenominal) tense, provides an interesting account of the mid-term elections, and keeps the audience hang on to every word.This piece of writing also has an element of honesty. The writer has justly manifested what he/she believes to be the truth. This article contains integrity of opinions and feelings. It is also open and direct. It is neither lengthy nor ambiguous.This is a reader-friendly article. It is written in a kind of informal style, and immediately puts the reader at ease. It does non contain too many, too hard words, nor does it beat about the bush. It contains simple and short paragraphs making it easier to understand. This article is very edifying, providing complete information in lenient terms that even a layman would understand.The theme of the article was kind of methodological, and required statistics and facts. It was not a fictional topic, where one could depict ones opinions and thoughts. The writer made effective use of research to provide accurate facts and figures to clearly describe the most expensive midterm election in U.S. narration.The writer has also provided the visual representation of the elections, and clear, concise tables that summarizes all the figures that could not be

The basic characteristics of literary journalism Essay

The basic characteristics of literary journalism - Essay ExampleChronology refers to the governing body of scenes or events in order in which they take place in a particular eventful situation from the perspective of journalism. Within this context, it empennage be deduced that this arrangement throw out be of two types scenes or observations. In the scenes, there is a particular sequence or arrangement of carefully arranged scenes because this sequence is highly primal as it retains a required level and type of structure which is the base of any particular theme involved in the scenes. A sequence of observations can also be used to describe a particular events leading to a meticulous outcome or other effects. Simultaneously, within this context, both types of chorology postulate different objectives and outcomes as the entire piece of literary journalistic writing is based on the factual or real-life situations in which a particular arrangement of scenes retains a specific type of chronology. As a result of in-built chronology, the piece of journalistic writing becomes able to create an impression of depicting or represent reality as if it is happening in front of the reader. In the literary journalism, parallel structures are those storylines in which story have more than one causative chain of events and have two different stories are highlighted simultaneously.It can be said that the use of parallelism can increase the level of suspense and impale in the story in which a particular perspective or use of chronology can be included to make effective.

Slip & Fall Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slip & Fall - Assignment ExampleHence the defense is correctly drawn as far as the grocery storage rules are concerned.The bag boy had done his duty which is big to consider in defense of the grocery store. Ann is universe emotional in her response because it was her mistake in the first place and the grocery store should not pay for her lapse in concentration. Also the incident that she did not read the wet fundament sign and disregarded it was her own mistake, which needs to be understood on the part of the court. Hence suing the grocery store for damages is unwarranted and does not merit a case at all. Ann should have known better where she is in the wrong and what kind of error she has move in bringing her downfall (Biggermann, 2010). The grocery store did everything to make sure that she did not cross the barrier but putting up the wet floor sign but if she did not read it, then it is solely her own mistake and the store must not be blamed for it.Also the circumstance that many customers visit this grocery store on a daily basis is enough for the court to understand that a grocery store set up just do so much. The customers need to be wary of the signs that are put up at such places and find out where they are deviation wrong or committing mistakes. This will put them at ease as far as slipping and falling down dynamics are concerned. It is important that the court considers the defense of the grocery store management as well before reaching on to a decision. The facts are there for the court to influence and analyze, and now it is the responsibility of the honorable court to reach a decision which is based on impartiality and fairness. Ann must have known she is not pursual the proper rules and procedures within the grocery store and this is one aspect that should not have lingered on to such proportions. However, this unfortunate event took place much to the crucifixion

Lesson Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lesson Planning - Assignment ExampleIt is important to for the students to understand the ecesis amendments in the US. This is because it impart help the students understand the rights and duties that they are entitled to ones they become citizens. It is also important for the students to slam that the constitution amendments will help to strengthen the US government and to help the US citizens not to let other people control them. This topic will help the students to reflect and to rethink about what is truly needed from them when they become Citizens. Question 2 The lesson plan that is ideal in teaching the amendments of the United States constitution is the Understanding by Design template (UDB). The think why the UBD is selected is that it will help the instructor in establishing goals of his or her lesson plan, which will make the students understand better. The UDB lesson template allows the teacher to have essential questions that helps in bighearted the students skills and knowledge. The template has a performance task description that helps in checking the performance tasks that will help the students to demonstrate the desired reason of the topic. The lesson plan template allows the teacher to give tests, quizzes, observations and academic prompts that will help the teacher see whether he or she has achieved the desired results. The Understanding by Design template will be the most effective to teach the constitution amendments in the United States because it will help in engaging the students in the study, which will lead to better understanding of the topic. Lesson plan Understanding by design Stage 1-desired results Established goal The teachers goal is to make the students understand Article V of the constitution, which highlights at what circumstances the constitution to be amended. The teacher will teach the students what percentage of the Houses burn make the constitution be amended. The teacher will let the students know that the con stitution is amended when it is sign by three quarter of the legislatures of several states. The students will also be taught that constitution rear end be amended if it is ratified by three quarters of the Conventions, or congress may propose the mode of ratification. The students should be in position to explain, what constitution amendment is and at what terms can a constitution be amended (Wiggins & Tighe,1998). Understanding- The teacher will try to ensure that every student understands the Article V of the constitution. This will be achieved by the teacher moving at a slow rate, which will aim at teaching every student in the class including the slow learners. The teacher will enhance this by repeating his points well and by asking general questions, randomly. The general random questions will be asked to the bright, average and poor students, which will help the teacher in accessing how the students have understood the lesson (Wiggins & Tighe, 1998). Related misconception The teacher will make sure that the students understand that no state that will be deprived its equal suffrage they have in the state without its consent. The teacher will also make the students understand that the mode of ratification that the congress proposes can only take place if there is no amendment made prior to the year 1888. Essential questions What is constitution amendment? What percentage of the congress of the Houses is required for the constitution to be amended ? Knowledge- Students will understand the constitution amendment. The students will understand the circumstances under which the constitution will be amended. The students wil

Americas unfinished revolution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Americas unfinished revolution - Term Paper ExampleThere was little or no change aft(prenominal) the civil war. The efforts to restructure the south failed since the process did not complete. This left many factors that caused the civil war unresolved hence are belike to occur. Different parts of the south still practice the vices, which they were meant to leave or eradicate. The black Americans slaves were still denied opportunities to participate in most of the activities. Therefore, the bitterness they had could still end to another revolution. Secondly, there was an unfinished revolution because of the emergence of new complex race and class structure.2 The status quo in the south remained unchanged as they re-united after the north left. This made them continue with their slavery, therefore endangering the black slaves. Similarly, the whites in the south started to discriminate the blacks as they were considered slaves and were not entitled to equal opportunities and rights. The class relation was not good as both were hostile at each other. The postwar relation was not good and was perceived to be incubating another revolution. Therefore, Foner was right and reassert when he said that there is an unfinished revolution. The division that took place in the American society where there were low and higher class is a image of disunity in the society. This can easily break into war since they do not relate. More so, the passage of thirteen, fourteen and fifteenth amendment, which gave the blacks some forms of rights was not welcomed by the whites.

Tribal gaming Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

tribal gaming - Assignment ExampleIn the absence of tribal gaming, reservations can still be effective in terms of reducing the rate of poverty, decreasing the rate of unemployment, and increasing the tribals income. However, reservations economies are consistently underdeveloped because most of them are located in poor regions of a country. Due to their limited resources, income and ready access to nearby markets, most of the reservations economies remain underdeveloped. Tribal gaming strategies are commonly used to gradually improve their overall socio-economic conditions of each tribe (i.e. improved literacy rate, better access to education, higher employment pass judgment and higher income, etc.). To ensure that tribal communities are able to maintain their cultural value and practices despite the process of economic modernization, most of the tribal governments are creating a framework that aims to strengthen the cultural background, education, and identity of the tribal nation s. Through the use of cultural revitalization strategies, it is possible to preserve or maintain the cultural values and practices of the all tribal communities without the need to adversely affect their economic growth.The tribal gaming investments reflected the underlying cultural values of the tribal good deal because of its spillover effects. Since people living in tribal lands are socially and economically benefiting from tribal gaming investments, there is a strong possibility wherein cultural values and beliefs of tribal people on gaming can be altered accordingly. It means that some people from the tribes could accept gambling as something that is normal.

Hot and Cold Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hot and Cold - Lab Report ExampleIntroduction It is a common phenomenon that whenever there is a chemical chemical reaction in a administration at constant pressure while, at the same time, there is no energy gained or lose to the surrounding it is unceasingly evident that the system would either decrease or increase. In the first instance, energy will be lost in the form of heat if the reaction is exothermic when the system gets into thermal contact with the surrounding. On the other hand, energy will be gained in the form of heat if the reaction is endothermic when the systems temperature decreases. Enthalpy, denoted by H, is the potpourri in heat energy of a system at a constant pressure. The SI unit of energy, which is joule (J), is like to that of atomic number 1 (Hughes). Enthalpy is known to be a safe function, and nominate be denoted as shown below Heat absorbed = increase in enthalpy = H = Hfinal - Hinitial -----------(i) Adiabatic conditions arise when a system is c onfigured in such a manner that there is no heat gained or lost by the system. Therefore, in adiabatic processes the heat absorbed is everlastingly equal to enthalpy change, which is zero. Enthalpy can be changed by changing the temperature of water or even by a chemical reaction under adiabatic conditions as shown below Hsystem = + Hdue to reaction = 0 ----------------(ii) Hdue to reaction = - -------------------(iii) Thus, enthalpy change can be calculated as follows = Specific heat capacity x mass x T -----------(iv) Where T = Tf - Ti For exothermic reactions, T is ever so positive and negative for endothermic reactions. If the measurement of change in temperature of any chemical reaction is taken under adiabatic condition then change in enthalpy due to the reaction, can be ascertained from the enthalpy change producing the change in temperature (Hughes). Enthalpy is an extensive property that in legion(predicate) occasions depends on the amount of reaction that occurs. Theref ore, in order to obtain an intensive property in the comparison of various reactions, the enthalpy change is always related to the amount of one of the products or reactants. From this explanation, the enthalpy reaction may be wedded as shown below H = ----------(v) The SI unit for Hrxn is given as J/mol, even though reaction enthalpies are normally said to be in kJ/mol. Species A may be taken as the limiting reagent since some of it needs to be reacted. In addition, reaction enthalpies are known to be calculated from values that are tabularized at standard wedge enthalpies of formation, from tabulated combustion enthalpies, and from calorimetry data (Hughes). The experimental calorimetry data is the method that is chosen for this lab experiment using the various principles discussed above. The Calorimeter A calorimeter is a device that can be used in measuring the enthalpy change in a system during a reaction, but at the same time taking anxiety of the increase in temperature (fo r exothermic reaction), or decrease in temperature (for endothermic reaction) (Hughes). There are several types of calorimeter, but for this experiment the calorimeter used is the Styro froth cups and plastic lids. Moreover, the foam between the surrounding and the liquid helps as the thermal obstacle in preventing heat loss from the reaction to the surroundings. The reactions will take place in a cup of aqueous solution, and the temperature monitored with the thermometer. There are two assumptions that ought to be made about the system and the calorimeter. First, the Styrofoam cup

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Global Warming - Essay ExampleThis is a difficult dilemma, because the effects of climate change get out manifest themselves in different ways in different regions, from pole to pole. The political reasoning of the problem solution suggests that all countries need to make organize and delibe send actions based on special international conventions on climate change. Scientists and international scientific community are now under a dreadful pressure, as a correct identification of climate change trends and its main consequences in the future forget save humanity from immense ills and, vice versa, borrowing of expensive measures without sufficient scientific grounds leave lead to huge economic losses. Global Warming Its easiest definition runs that global warming is a step-by-step increase in average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in the 20th and 21st centuries. Scientific judgments, expressed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change, directly support ed by National Academies of Sciences of the Big Eight, say that the average temperature on Earth has risen by 0.7 C since the Industrial Revolution (the randomness half of the 18th century) and a considerable proportion of observed warming over the past 50 years was caused by human activities, primarily by gas emission (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)), that cause the greenhouse effect (Mank 1). The increase in average global temperature led to a decrease in continental glaciers. In addition, we should expect a decrease of the permafrost geographical zone, which presently occupies a significant part of the planet, as well as anticipate changes in the methods of management, farming, construction, etc. in the zone itself. Measurements and calculations showed that for the last 100 years mountain glaciers have decreased by approximately 2.000 cubical kilometers the annual decline averaged 0.06% of the total mass of Alpine ice. Signs of glaciers adulteration are observed in al l regions of the Arctic, where global warming manifests itself to the maximum extent. Climate warming leads to sea levels rise. Over the past 20 years the rate of increase has doubled and reached 2.5 cm/yr. This rise promises significant environmental consequences. Saltwater intrusion in deltas of the major rivers will destroy protected habitat for wonderful animals and birds, spawning grounds for fish. Sea level rise will increase a probability of devastating storms. The issue of dams building needs to be thought done today. About 70% of the seaside is currently being destroyed as a result of natural lift of water and increasing human activities. This serve well will be further exacerbated by global warming. So, according to the UN Environment Program data, in the Nile Delta, for example, one-fifth of the arable land of Egypt can be inundate by rising water, which will affect about 10 million people (Mank 3). Scientists state that in addition to sea-level rise, rise of global t emperature will lead to changes in the quantity and distribution of precipitation. As a result, there is a strong possibility of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, etc. harvests will fall in the affected areas and will increase in other zones (due to increasing concentration of carbon dioxide). Climate warming may cause a geographic

Children and adults Essay Example for Free

Children and braggys EssayThe Effective Early Learning Project based at Worcester University highlights two slipway in which vaingloriouss can help children progress The first is the way the bounteous encourages the child to be autonomous, to get on and try new things The second, is the way the adult offers experiences which ar stimulating, challenging and interesting. Adults need to be a supporting factor when the child is in a risky environment.Children and adults alike enjoy climbing trees adults hit the sack when they are too high as do children. This is a whole other debate in terms of nature or nurture debate. This is where we could search the idea of children learning to be safe when risk taking or is it already there. Stephenson (2003) wrote about a child on a swing, Swinging was in truth popular with these younger children, but more often than the older children their reactions indicated that they felt unsafe and wanted the swing slowed down. at that personatef ore the child has taken the risk, has agreed a boundary, enjoyed the activity and acknowledged the safety aspect. The adult was there to ensure the safety and also make the activity a positive one by macrocosm readily available.Children must face all different kinds of risks in order to support their development and learning. Stine (1997) wrote that to support their learning and development is a complex issue. There always has to be provision for a tangible challenge. More and more educational settings are using outdoor play/activity to challenge the children. Although, what is an unimpeachable risk to one person, may be completely the opposite of another. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) write that outdoor space needs to be available most of the time They come to that, safety is the only consideration for keeping children in doors.Children can shade safe in risk taking environments and activities in many ways. Initially the adult to child ratio, with a high number of adults children c an be back up and helped to achieve. Secondly by minimising, if possible, the risk aspect. This could be ensuring the activity is a positive and satisfying environment. Thirdly by giving the children all the opportunities available for physical risk taking, children need a stimulating and challenging environment. And finally, a well maintained remnant between the childs safety and the challenge of the activity. In an educational setting, an adult carer will go to the risk area and carry out an assessment.They will check the lane to be taken, dangers in the area and also any area that poses extreme concern. An adult carer should also think about the child to adult ratio. A local anaesthetic nursery allows children to climb trees. Due to the child to adult ratio, the nursery feels that the level of risk posed can be curtailed by having by having the children supervised and supported through the activity by adults. The children are therefore enjoying the activity of risk taking, a s well as feeling safe in knowing an adult is available to help at any time.Another factor that the adult carer should be aware of is the idea of making a childs environment completely hazard free. Therefore taking away any risk or danger. Walsh (1993) thought that children in an environment that is completely safe could become bored and this could lead to self initiated risk taking that could be dangerous. Durberry (2001) felt that children who grow up in an ultra safe environment would lack confidence in their own physical ability. This would be due to the poor opportunities for the children to build and extend upon their exiting knowledge. He continued that children had to be both confident and competent physically in order to feel competent emotionally.The ideals on risk taking vary from culture to culture. Although the main aim remains the same. The child needs to remain safe, but feel they are being challenged and stimulated. To minimise hazards there needs to be a high adul t to child ratio. Children need opportunities to explore and do so independently. Over the cobblers last decade, the childs freedom of choice has been limited. Adult carers are sometimes over anxious about letting the child experiment with risk taking. The procedures and guidelines that are in place give the adult carer a frame work on which to base their activities upon. The adult carer should exploit and become fluent in the procedures and guidelines in place. This in put to work will provide groundwork for safe risk taking.BibliographySmith, P., Cowie, H. Blades, M. (2003) Understanding Childrens Development, London Blackwell Publishing.Bruce, T. Meggitt, C. (2002) Childcare Education, London Hodder Stoughton.DfEE (2003) Early Years (Volume 23, Number 1), London Taylor Francis

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy Essay Example for Free

The Role of Slavery in papistic Comedy EssayA Hellenic comedic playwright named Menander wrote a play with the same title. Since Menanders version is lost, historians arent sure how original Terences version is. We can suspect that at least(prenominal) some of Terences version is merely a translation or a very slightly edited form of Menanders. One of the close to go on estimates in Greek and Roman Theater is that of the police captain and the buckle down. Almost every play by Plautus contained the cunning break ones back who outwitted or ridiculed his masters action. George Duckworth described this relationship saying, It is dangerously possible that in real life ancient slaves had as much go offdom as the slaves of Roman comedy, nor could they have been as outspoken and as impudent, (Duckworth 288). Themes such as this sought to diminish the harsh reality of slavery and racism through comedy. Because Plutarch and Terence depicted slaves more as free men than as priso ners, their comedies fought the traditional ideas of slavery and discrimination. Before discussing slavery in Roman plays, it is important to know the customs of the Roman Theater.All Roman citizens attended the theater for free, because either the city funded the play, or a wealthy, individual citizen paid for the production. These individuals might be running for an upcoming election, so they provided entertainment to the Roman heap to gain favor with them. The better the play, the better their reputation would be. In general, the Romans of the time, combat and bloodshed were of the utmost desires for entertainment. The more realistic and gruesome the event, the more they enjoyed themselves.At the time, women were non allowed to have roles in the theater, and in the beginning stages of Roman Theater, women could not even attend the productions. Young boys played the female roles instead. But most interestingly, slaves usually make up the entire cast of a Roman production. There are twenty surviving plays written by Plautus. The first instance of a slave acting out of character is in the play Captivi. In this play, Philopolemus, an Aetolian is captured and s gray-headed into slavery under an Elean doctor.His father, Hegio proceeds to buy many Elean slaves to trade for his son. He ends up buying a well-known Elean named Philocrates, who is accompanied by his own slave, Tyndarus. Hegio plans to send the master back to Elis to facilitate the trade. But Tyndarus and Philocrates switched identities, which would have caused the deal to fall through. Hegio is infuriated, and orders Tyndarus to the quarries. David Konstan explains the theme of this play as, the conflict between a stern, conventional father and a son driven to defiance by the irresistible force of erotic passion.A common figure in these plays is the household slave, who risks the displeasure of his senior masterin order to advance the amatory interests of the junior, (Konstan 59). Instead of the gen eral storyline, Philocrates is the senior master because he is the original owner of Tyndarus. Hegio is the junior master because he has only recently obtained Tyndarus. Hegio still holds all power over Tyndarus, though, and this act of defiance would unremarkably be punished with death for the perpetrator. Instead, Hegio is convinced by Tyndarus that his actions were purely out of loyalty, and not to offend Hegio.Hegio respects this and decides to let him live. another(prenominal) famous play by Plautus that contains the role of the cunning slave who is not punished justly is Rudens. Gripus, the slave of a unforesightful man that lives on the coast comes across a treasure chest while fishing, and dreams of what he will do with his spoils, explaining that he will buy his freedom and become a tyrant with his immense wealth. Another slave, Trachalio comes along, though, and claims that if Gripus doesnt split the treasure with him, then he will report Gripus to the original owner of the treasure.Gripus argues that the treasure is his because the sea belongs to no one, and consequently that which is recovered from the sea belongs to the finder. Trachalio suggests they settle the argument by talking to Gripus owner Daemones. Daemones sides with Trachalio, who wanted the treasure not for himself, but for the original owner, Palaestra. Daemones then chides Gripus for his selfishness, Daemones angrily sends him into the house and complains about the poor quality of slaves luckily, he reflects, Gripus didnt meet another want himself, or both would have been implicated in the crime, (Konstan 84).Trachalio is the cunning slave in this example, and he, care Tyndarus, is not motivated by selfish reasons, but by doing what is right. This is the reason why the cunning slave is celebrated in Roman Theater. Duckworth describes the attitude of this slave as, the freedom and insolence of the comic slaves, their immunity from serious punishment, their happy-go-luck existence combine to paint a picture of slave life that bears little relation to reality, (Duckworth 290). In his essay entitle Comic Shackles, Ulrike Roth elaborates on this point saying, But Getas concern is not evidence for the employment of chained labour on the land.Both Plautus and Terence, then, do not employ the image of the chained slave for work on the land of Roman slave owners, (Roth). The slaves dont actually suffer any torture throughout the course of the productions. In reality, the Roman master surely would have punished his slave for even the most minor mistakes, just to keep his reputation as a man in power. Duckworth says that, however much the slaves of comedy refer to whips and chains, to the mill and the quarry and the cross, they seldom experience them in the plays.The frequent use by slaves of epithets like mastigia, furcifer, uerbero, verbereum caput, as terms of banter or abuse does not mean that the slaves are necessarily referring to punishments which they or thei r fellow-slaves have themselves undergone, (Duckworth 290). Plautus and Terence do not want to show the truth about slavery of the time in their productions. This may be so that they didnt insult anyone by generalizing what most Romans did. If a play was poorly received, then the citizen who invested in the production would likely destroy the name of the playwright.Duckworth explains that, when the intrigue is direct against a pompous soldier or a rascally leno, the slaves machinations have the approval of the other characters and the sympathy of the spectators. Such trickery is in(predicate) and there is no question of punishment, (Duckworth 288). When the audience is on the side of the trickster, there is no need for punishment in the eyes of the audience. This technique is essential in Roman theater. It makes the slave, a degenerate type in the eyes of most Romans, the hero of the play an integral part in the outcome of the story. Just like in Miles Gloriosus.Plautus writes abou t the character of Palaestrio as another example of this motif. He plots and schemes against his new master Pyrgopolynices in order to return the kidnapped Philocomasium to his former master, Pleusicles. Pleusicles hides with an old man next door after receiving a letter from Palaestrio about their location. Palaestrio crafts an opening in the wall so that the female child can visit her consecutive love behind the soldiers back. The plan almost fails when another slave sees the girl with another man, but through his craftiness Palaestrio manages to convince him it was the girls visiting twin sister.He then enlists the help of a courtesan to stand in for the neighbours wife and seduces the soldier so he will set the girl free. The ruse is successful, and Palaestrio escapes with his old master and the girl. The freedom that Palaestrio has in this play is something to be desired by all slaves. The concomitant that he could find paper to write a letter to his master in secret and tha t he could even write at all is hard to imagine of a slave during this time period. But his defiance of the unjust soldier Pyrgopolynices is admired by the audience because he is one of the main characters.This portrait of the life of a slave is not one of reality, but it does make for good entertainment. The pardoning of slaves and the cunning slave are two important motifs in Roman theater. Duckworth states, Angry threatsare not to be taken seriously. They are more useful in portraying the comic aspects of a young mans impatience or an old mans wrath than in throwing light upon the relation of master and slave in antiquity, (Duckworth 289). The slave is usually meant to be a beloved character that either encourages the main character to do what is right or is the main character himself.

Sales promotions

gross revenue onward motionsIn the United Kingdom, most of the companies that ar bonk as the big advertise spenders every(prenominal)ocate more notes on gross gross gross gross sales, packagings than advertizement. Due to the movement towards relationship marketing and integrated marketing dialogues, growth of send out mail and increasing cost, publicizing lost its dominant importance everyplace other communion mix in last two decades. The ratio of advertising budget against advancements budget is 3070 (advertising promotions) which was 6040 in 1990s in UK (Kotler, 1997). This fact belowlines the importance of sales promotions. However, sales promotions fail to be successful unless they argon clearly targeted, hearty communicated and original.Companies muckle use sales promotions for different purposes much(prenominal) as increasing a particular merchandises rule, improving sales of be product, retaining and rewarding loyal clients and supporting to int roduce in the raw products, data capturing. Depending on the time and the way that these sales promotions methods be employed, they could be tactical or strategic light beams (Pickton Broderick, 2001). More often sales promotions are used as tactical assholes to have soon termination outcomes- for example, as a response to competitors drill or improving the sales of a product or emolument. Alternatively, some sale promotional techniques crowd out be combined with guest relationship forethought programmes which seek more strategic and abundant term approaches (Hackley, 2005). For example, free samples and contest entry forms are used to capture customer information in mark to create a customer database which adds value to business as importance of assume database marketing is rapidly increasing. Furthermore, customer retention programs and rewarding loyal customers with sales promotions assist to create a brand loyalty over long ravel.Mintels (2008) report discovered that high street pubs and forbid spend more m iodiney on sales promotions than any other communication mix. Particularly with the effects of credit crunch, reluctance of spending money on alcoholic drinks and night-outs made it indispensible to demean prices or add extra value through sales promotions to lure potential customers. This is one of the most consequential reasons why sales promotions became very key in suspend industry in recent times. In order to retain customers, some ejects and restaurants started to give price cuts, 2 for 1 offers and repast deals. To respond to competitors move and overcome the reluctance of spending money on entertainment, other choke ups and restaurants likewise used sales promotions. This current economic humor created a great opportunity for bars and restaurants to gain competitors customers by the way of using sales promotions to bring customers in to experience their service. If they can make beloved use of the opportunity, those cus tomers can be loyal customers.Marketing communications are vital for a companys success. Regardless what product or service is offered by an organization, messages should be sent to potential customers through marketing communication methods. In most cases, combinations of those methods are used in marketing plan. Product livelihood cycle is a tool that helps managers to plan their communication mix. Sales promotions can be employed in each stage of a product or services life cycle. Sales promotions help to strengthen the messages that are sent through advertising, public relations and other promotional activities. However, their purpose of use depends on what stage they are used. In introduction stage, they tend to encourage potential customers to try the service in order to create awareness. In growth and maturity stages, the main drive of the sales promotions is to conformation brand loyalty and reinforce the messages (Varey, 2002) that are give in introduction stage and incr ease the usage of a product or service. More in depth uses and analysis of product life cycle lead be discussed in chapter 2 and chapter 4. cumulation diffuse, a bar reach with branches located end-to-end the UK and owned by Marstons Public Limited Company, is one of the many bar chains which emphasise the importance of sales promotions by employing these tools as both a tactical and a strategic tool very often.There are three types of sales promotions customer sales promotions, trade sales promotions and employee sales promotions (Wright, 2000). This pick out will mainly focus on customer sales promotions. The purpose of this look is, by using relative literature on the topic and with the help of primary data, to examine the usage of customer sales promotions and the methods and discover whether these methods are used to influence a service or brands mathematical operation in bar industry in nobble term or long term.1.3 Brief Background of Pitcher delicatePitcher Piano is a bar chain with branches located throughout the UK. Since 1996, the brand operates as a part of Marstons Public Limited Company. The first Pitcher Piano was opened in 1986 in Fulham. When Pitcher Piano Fulham opened its doors to public, it was one of the first wine bars in the UK. This raw wine bar concept was an alternative to handed-down British pub culture. The concept became very popular and over time other brands like All-Bar-One, Slug Lettuce emerged. There are 27 Pitcher Piano bars around UK now. Recently, company decided to sell some of their branches in London in order to focus on the branches where the venues are owned by the company and that are profitable. Main competitors of Pitcher Piano are All-Bar-One, Slug Lettuce, Grand Union and Living Room. Pitcher Piano bars offer a wide range of wines, spirits and beers as well as party snacks and solid food. horizontal though Pitcher Piano bars all operate under the same brand name each bar has its own strengths tailored to the customers demand in the area. While some are led by food sales, others are renowned for their party atmosphere and drinks. Hence, individual branch has its own promotions which are decided by house general manager depending on their customer base and target.In 2004, to help government to tackle increasing binge-drinking connect crime, along with some of other pub groups, the company decided not to assure Happy Hours or similar promotions campaigns (Evening Standard, 2004). However, heavy competition, current economic climate and plans for creating customer database for direct marketing pushed the company to use sales promotions methods again.1.4 Rationale of the chosen TopicDuring the current economic climate, most companies use sales promotions to encourage recession-hit people to spend money on their products and services. In this context, the bar industry is one of the most interesting industries since the priority of entertainment lost its place to the primar y needs such as satiating hunger. Therefore, it caused bar industry to employ sales promotions as tactical tools extensively. Particularly, in bar industry, heavy competition made it compulsory to use sales promotions in order not to lose customers to other bars at the same time attract competitors customers.Furthermore, having worked in bar industry for five eld, out of which 4 years in Pitcher Piano, the researcher has gained friendship and understanding of various usages of marketing communication mix, particularly, sales promotions in bar industry. This experience also helped the researcher to observe how the company reacts to internal and external changes. Even though sales promotions are common tools employed by marketers as a tactical weapon, it has become more complex and also interesting for the researcher to analyse them during the current economic climate within bar industry. That is the main reason why the topic, which is to examine methods of sales promotions employ ed by Pitcher Piano and analyse effects of these methods on the companys performance, was chosen to. This research will help the researcher to gain a valuable knowledge virtually marketing the communication mix and more importantly, sales promotions.1.5 Aims and Objectives of ResearchThe main aim of the research is to explore different methods of sales promotions, when and where to use appropriate methods, either as a strategic tool or tactical tool, and understand their pros and cons in the hospitality industry. In order to understand the methods, this research will evaluate the above mentioned bar Pitcher Piano that use sales promotion frequently. In this context, the objectives of this research can be described as follow To find out what considerate of sales promotions used by Pitcher Piano, To evaluate the outcomes of the employed sales promotion techniques, To assess the effectiveness of the given methods and suggest areas in need of receipts where necessary, To analyse the use of sales promotion in the context of tactical or strategic tools.1.6 Significance of the StudyThis research provides several significances such as This research will provide information to marketers on the uses of consumer sales promotion in bar industry and help them to have an understanding of some of the consumer sales promotion methods. This research can help other researches on this particular topic, sales promotion and related topic. In general, the usage of sales promotion amongst all communication mix is rapidly increasing, particularly in bar industry, in the UK. However, sales promotion always perceived as a supporting act of advertising and public relations. Many academics underlined its efficiency of achieving short term goals. Nevertheless, its long term impacts have been ignored. Although the debate is on-going whether sales promotions are strategic or tactical tool, in the context of question industry examined in this research, they can be specifically interp reted as strategic tools in such activities as expression customer database, encouraging trial use and repeat purchase.1.7 Brief Structure of the StudyThis study consists of 5 sections. Each section includes some explanations and opinions to help enlighten the subject matter. This study attempts to find out the uses of customer sales promotion in bar industry and whether these promotions are employed as tactical or strategic tool.Chapter 1 This chapter contains the introduction on the ever-changing nature of sales promotion within promotion mix and a brief view on related models and topics. This chapter also includes the usage and the importance of sales promotions in brief and succinct background information about Pitcher Piano. Finally, aims and objectives, rationale and significance of the study are covered in this section.Chapter 2 In this chapter, all current and related topics are examined. Different opinions that have been expressed by academics on strategic uses of sale s promotion are discussed. Furthermore, various consumer sales promotion methods, communication methods in service industry, importance of sales promotions in direct marketing and usage of product life cycle for promotional mix are explained with the help of existing vast literature on these topics.Chapter 3 This chapter explains the methodology that is employed by researcher while doing this research. Approaches of the researchers and the methods adopted to collect and analyse the primary data are critically argued. Finally, shortcomings which are lay outd by researcher in the research process are included in this chapter.Chapter 4 This chapter re give ways the analysis of the data collected and the findings of this research. In this chapter, it is also focused on that to what extend the findings are related to the literature review. The researcher also Chapter 5 This chapter includes conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions are made with the help of literature review, anal ysis and the primary data. Recommendations were given to bar industry to advise on the strategic use of sales promotion methods.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThis section will attempt to explain the current argument on the topic and present different views by academics. It will help to understand concepts and models relating to sales promotion in the context of question as well. However, the usage of these models and concepts in practice will be related in data analysis section with the help of observed examples and primary data.2.1 Sales Promotions2.1.1 Sales Promotion and Current Debate on Sales Promotion Sales promotion is one of the four aspects of promotional mix along with advertising, personal selling and public relations. Sales promotions which, are also known as below the line promotions, are methods that are used by marketers to attract consumers. Sales promotions have been in use in occupation for a long time. Shopkeepers and stallholders had been employing on the spot offers to c onvince people to purchase a product (Mullin and Cummins, 2008).Sales promotions are, traditionally, defined in the most textbooks as activities such as deals, discounts, coupons, loyalty programs, refunds, contest, sampling and special displays that are encouraging the target audience to act in a particular way by cut back the perceived value of the product being promoted ordinarily to achieve short term goals ( accept, 2006 Pickton and Broderick, 2001). According to Institute of Sales Promotion (2004 cited in Yeshin, 2006, p1), sales promotion is defined as a planned and implemented marketing activity that both enhances product and service appeal and changes customer behaviour positively in return for an additional benefit for purchase or participation. Lamb et al. (2004, p323) also interpret sales promotion as generally a short run tool used to stimulate immediate increase in demand. Most definitions underpinned the immediate encouragement to buy the product and service at the time. Nevertheless, the definitions do not convey the same message whether it has short term or long term effects. Most of the definitions above agree that sales promotion is a short term tool. Similarly, Shimp (2000, p508) considers that sales promotion has a short term nature by stating that in contrast to advertising, which typically, though not always, is relatively long term in orientation and best suited to enhancing buyer attitudes and augmenting brand righteousness, promotion is more short-term oriented and capable of influencing behaviour (rather than just attitudes or intensions). Fill (2006, p635) is another supporter of this school of thought. He believes that just as advertising seeks to work over the long term, sales promotion can achieve short term upward shifts in sales. When comparing advertising and sales promotion, Kotler (2008, p85) underlined that whereas advertising offers a reason to buy a product or service, sales promotion offers reasons that would achieve immediate sale. However, Yeshin (2006) opposes to the views stated above and claims that objectives of sales promotion have dramatically changed in recent years. Wilmshurt and Macay supported Yeshin (2006) by stating that companies have increasingly realized, however, that whilst sales promotion has tactical uses it has strategic implications (2002, p211). According to Gupta et al. (1997 cited in Yeshin, 2006), many empirical researches have focused on identifying short-term effects of sales promotion. Thus, most practitioners and, in particular, academics failed to see long term effects of sales promotion. Schultz et al. suggested that sales promotion can be strategic by stating sales promotions are marketing and communications activities that change the price / value relationship of a product or service perceived by the target, thereby generating immediate sales and altering long term brand value (1998, p7). Kotler and Armstrong (2008, p502) suggest that in general, rather than creating only short term sales or temporary brand switching, sales promotions should help to reinforce the products position and build long term customer relationship. In addition, they (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p.502) claim that if properly designed, every sales promotion tool has the potential to build both short term excitement and long term consumer relationship. Mullin and Cummins (2008) believe that a good sales promotion should prompt a customer to consider a product or service and help them to make a decision after the promotion campaign. Brassington and Pettitts (2003, p720) definition covers all the characteristics of sales promotion. They believe sales promotion is a range of tactical marketing techniques designed within a strategic marketing framework to add value to a product or service in order to achieve specific sales and marketing objectives. This extra value may be of a short-term tactical nature or it may be part of a longer-term franchise-building programme. F inally, Boone and Kurtz (2001, p509) noticed the shift in the usage of sales promotion in recent years by stating that today, however, marketers recognize them as integral parts of many marketing plans, and the focus of sales promotion has shifted from short-term to long-term goals of building brand equity and maintaining continuing purchase. They supported their argument with frequent-flyers programs that can create a base of loyal customers. It should be noted that sales promotion is a great tool to get immediate affects. However, sales promotions cappower of creating a long term affects should not be ignored.While the debate, whether sales promotion is short term or long term, is still on-going, the use of sales promotion has increased enormously in last two decades. Smith and Taylor state that the importance of sales promotions over advertising have been increased because of various reasons which area)the movement towards relationship marketing, b) the growth of direct mail, c) the emergence of promotion-literate consumers who expect promotions with certain product types, d) during recessions, price-conscious customers search for value-for-money promotions, e) ruling retailers favour suppliers whose products sell quickly, f) high television advertising costs force marketing managers to look for more cost effective below-the-line tools. (Smith and Taylor, 2004 p. 356)Even though they are widely used by many companies, some academics disagree to use them extensively. Many of them underline the facts that extensive and repetitive promotions of a product can modify the brand value, sales and cash flow (Schultz et al., 1998). 2.1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Sales PromotionsEach communication mix can accomplish a certain objective that other elements cannot (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998 Shimp 2000). For example, advertising cannot change a product or services sales trend in short term however sales promotion can.What sales promotion is capable of accomplishing Motivate sales force to sell a new, improved or mature product. When personal selling methods becomes boring and monotonous, exciting sales promotions can stimulate sale forces enthusiasm and make the job easier for them (Shimp, 2000). Stimulate sales in maturity stage of a product or service. By changing price / value relationship, it can encourage more people to use a product or service (Schultz et al., 1997). Counteract a competitors communication campaign. Competitors advertising and sales promotion campaign can be neutralized by using counter sales promotion campaigns (Shimp, 2003). Encourage consumers to try a new service or product (Fornell et al., 1985). When a product or service is being introduced into the market, it is very important to encourage people to experience it (Mela et al., 1997). Consumers would not know if the product or service is high-quality unless they try it. Many consumers would not try a new product without any sales promotion activity. Retain existin g customers through repeat purchases. Sales promotion can be used to prevent existing customers to go to competitors. Shimp, (2000, p516) states that strategic use of sales promotion can encourage at least short-run repetitive purchasing. Besides short-term repetitive purchasing, continuous sales promotion programs such as loyalty visor scheme encourage customers to repeat purchase. Reinforce the messages given with advertising and public relations campaigns. Sales promotion can be a main tool for an organizations communication plan. However, it can also help to emphasise messages given with any other communication tools (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). Help to build a customer database. The importance of direct marketing is increasing. In order to build a database to contact consumers directly, sales promotion are used to capture their contact details. Some sales promotions beseech customers to provide their details in return of a free products or discounts (Mullin and Cummins, 2008 ). What sales promotion is not capable of accomplishing Inability to change opinion about an undesired product or service. Consumers would not purchase a product or service if they do not like it. Sales promotion usually will fail to help to compensate a low quality product or bad service (Boone and Kurtz, 2001). Unable to compensate for poor advertising. Sales promotions cannot fix a problem caused by weak brand image or lack of brand awareness. It can help in the short run. However, it is kafkaesque to expect a good result in long run. Sales promotions can have negative effects on long term (Jedidi et al., 1999). If sales promotion is used repeatedly, it can create confusion on perceived value of a product or service. Thus, customers would not buy the product or service once the promotion is over and wait for the new promotion. 2.1.3 Consumer Sales Promotions and MethodsAccording to Fill (2006), sales promotions are used for various reasons such as reaching new customers, reducin g distributor risk, rewarding behaviour, retention, adding value and assisting segmentation. There are three types of sales promotions depending on who they target consumer sales promotions, trade sales promotions and employee sales promotions (Srinivasan and Anderson, 1998 Wright, 2000 Fill, 2006 Boone and Kurtz, 2001). The focus of this study will be on consumer sales promotions, as it is mentioned in Chapter 2 and on discovering what types of sales promotions methods are used by Pitcher Piano and whether they are tactical or strategic.Pickton and Broderick define consumer targeted sales promotion as pull promotional activities designed to encourage demand by end-customers that will pull products through distribution channels (2001, p539). Objectives of sales promotion and analysis of whether the objective is strategic or tactical are given in the Table-1. Consumer targeted promotions are used for improving sales of existing products, encouraging repeat purchase, trial of new pro ducts and brand loyalty, giving a response to competitors move and capturing customer database information. There are different tools of consumer targeted promotions. The most popular and widely used ones are sampling, couponing, rewards, money-off, bonus-packs, repute draws and refunds. However, Pitcher Piano uses sampling, premiums (2 for 1s, 3 for 2s), money-off and contests and sweepstakes more often, for example, last summer, Pitcher Piano customers could win Bacardis global music festival tickets on completion of registration forms (Appendix 1).Price-offs offer consumer discount on the regular price of a product. They are used to accomplish different objectives. They can be used to reward the existing customers. In this case, price-offs collaborated with loyalty card schemes (Hobbs and Rowley, 2008). Another use of price-offs is to encourage consumers to conduct the product. It is a good way of pre-empting competitors. Those customers who stockpiled the product are out of marketplace until they consume the product. They would not buy competitors brand during that time (Shimp, 2000).Price-offs can be offered to customers on a specific time of the day. For example, happy hours in pubs and bars is a good example of it. The objective behind is that to pull the customers inside the venue at slow periods to increase volume (Reid and Bojanic, 2006). Combination offers or bundling are one of the most popular methods that are employed by restaurant and bar industry (Kotler et al., 1996). Two or more products or services are combined together and offered on a price that would be more if they are purchased separately. Such examples are restaurants 3 course meal deals, two for one deals and drink and meal at a specific price deals. 2.1.3.2 PremiumsPremiums are products or services that are offered free or at relatively low cost when buying a product such as buy a meal get the drinks free or purchase this meal and get a baseball cap free (dAstous Jacob, 2002). Premiums are typically given to consumers as a reward for behaving in a particular way, usually visiting a farm animal or buying a product or service (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). They can also be used to add value to product and represent an advantage over competitors products (Pickton and Broderick, 2001). The main target of premiums is to encourage the trial of a product. There are two types of premiums which are direct premiums and mail premiums. Incentives are provided at the time of the purchase with direct premiums. Direct premiums can be given to customers in the store, be placed with the package, be inserted in the package or the container itself can be the premium (Yeshin, 2006). Mail premiums require consumers to provide a cogent evidence of purchase of a product or service before being handed. Some of the mail premiums are given free after the customer displace the validation of purchase and some requires customers to save a specific number of coupons or special labe ls (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998).2.1.3.3 SamplingSampling means offering standard or trial-sized samples of a product for free or at a reduced price in order to either create an awareness of a new product / service or increase the consumption of an existing one (Shimp, 2003). Sampling is usually used to aid when a new product or service is launched. Although it is very effective, it is the most expensive way of introducing a product or service. If the consumers are not targeted properly, the losses can be big (Kotler et al., 1996). Thus, companies should forfend giving samples to consumers who would never purchase the product or service in future. Samples are widely used in hospitality sector as well (Reid and Bojanic, 2006). Some restaurants and bars offer samples of their potential customers or people whose opinion is respected in the area. One of the reasons for that is to create a positive word of utter about the service.2.1.3.4 CouponsCoupons are the legal certificates by manu facturers that offer customers discount when buying a specified products (Schultz et al., 1998). They can be mailed or emailed (direct mail), given with newspapers, magazines or with another product. According to Kotler et al. (1996), coupons are very popular in restaurant and bar industry. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) suggest that the value of the discount should be decided very carefully. If the face value is low, consumers are reluctantly to redeem the coupons. However, if the face value is raised, more people redeem it on a price lower than they would have redeemed. Moreover, exuberant uses of the coupons can make customers feel they are getting poor value, if they purchase the product or service without a coupon.2.1.3.5 Contests and SweepstakesDifferent forms of competitions such as contests, sweepstakes, prize draws, where they can win a prize without having to spend extra money, are used in order to attract customers (Boone and Kurtz, 2001). This kind of competitions creat es an excitement amongst consumers. A sweepstake is a sales promotion technique where customers are required to submit their names and e-mails in a drawing in which they have the chance to win cash, trips or a product or service. The winners are determined purely on the basis of their luck (Egan, 2007). Because of its low cost comparing with other methods, simplicity and ability to accomplish a variety of marketing objectives, the usage of sweepstakes have increased recently (Shimp, 2000) Contests are also another technique for sales promotion. Unlike the sweepstakes, in order to win a prize, contestants compete with others on the basis of skills or ability (Fill, 2006). They are usually asked a contest problem or proof of purchase. The winners are selected by judges.Regardless the type of sales promotion, all the sales promotion campaigns should go through an ethical consideration. Consumer oriented promotions such as coupons, contests and premium offers fail to be ethical if the c onsumers are promised a reward for acting in a certain way wished by promoter and the reward is never given (Shimps, 2000). For example, contests that are making people believe the winning odds are high when they actually are not or lowering the measurement or quality of a product or service when they are on promotion and advertising it as normal. Consumers can also be vile of unethical behaviour. For example, filling coupons with fictitious names and addresses in order to get the reward. 2.2 Marketing Communications and Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)Marketing communication is an important aspect of an organizations overall marketing mission and key determinant of its success. Marketing communication is the process of reaching and acknowledging target audiences about a product or service. According to Thomas and Housden, there are four main objectives of marketing communications which are to initiate a relationship (prospecting), to develop the relationship into a sales transaction (conversion), to maintain the relationship (loyalty building) and to resurrect a lapsed relationship (re-activation) (2002, p13). Companies apply different approaches and methods in order to communicate with their target audiences. Advertisements, salespeople, store signs, point-of-purchase displays, product packages, direct-mail marketing, publicity releases, sponsorships, sales promotions are all various forms of communication devices for marketers (Shimp, 2000). All these devices are used to create awareness or to promote a product or service.Any activity that an organization is involved in can deliver messages to their consumers. These messages can either be planned or unplanned. intend messages are sent to consumers through communication mix. Unplanned messages would include all other communications such as store cleanliness, distributors, employee attitudes and the exterior surroundings of your business, in other words, any elements related with the company that are capable of delivering implicit messages. For example, unfriendly bartender, dirty glasses in a bar, untidy back bar can all deliver negative messages that can have more impact than all the planned marketing communication messages (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998). The term marketing communication mix and promotion mix from 4Ps of marketing mix are used interchangeably in existing literature. Therefore, they are also used interchangeably throughout this research.In 1980s, many academics and practitioners treated each communication tool as separate and distinct. This approach, sometimes, could create some confusion for customers. For example, messages from advertising campaign could fail to match with the messages from public relations campaign, since the sources of the messages were different. Thus, this could give two different messages to consumers about the same product, servic