Globalisation and the Nation-State

Emerging nations such as China and India have also allowed companies to reduce production costs and target wider developing consumers. With these opportunities and with many of the other opportunities surrounding globalization economics now look at the economy on a lobar scale as opposed to a national scale which has led to conflicting perspectives on the use of the nation-state.As early as 1969 economics such as Charles Kindergà ¤rtner sparked the perspective that â€Å"the nation state Is Just about through as an economic unit† (Eagleburger 1969: 207) The following essay will look at globalization in terms of the economy and look at two of these businesses currently operating globally to see if the role of the individual nation-state government remains vital despite the trend towards globalization. Firstly one must define what libations actually Is and what type of organizations qualifies as a ‘global company.Researchers suggest that globalization is ‘one of the most misused and one of the most confused words around today (Dickens, 2007). Globalization is a widely used term that has no simple definition; Instead researchers suggest that the word has become a ‘convenient summary term' used by many to ‘bundle together virtually all the goods and bad facing contemporary societies' (Dickens, 2007). There is one definition that most globalizes will agree upon and that's that it is a â€Å"process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and Ideas, Is becoming standardized around the world. In terms of the economic globalization that essay will be concentrating on, â€Å"Globalization Is a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers, and international agreements that allow businesses to operate Internationally† (Hirsh, 1996) Lloyd TTS Is one company that can be defined as a global or ganization. Lloyd TTS Is an International bank that's part of Lloyd banking group. Its head office is in London and it originated in 1745 as a personal banking service with one single office in Birmingham.In the 1 sass Lloyd began to expand offices through Europe, India and South America. In the late sass's Lloyd acquired other International businesses and soon had hundreds of offices in over 50 different countries. McDonald's is a fast food restaurant. It was formed in 1948 in California and is currently the largest fast food restaurant In the world. It currently has 31,000 restaurants in 118 countries. Macdonald has become global as more than 75% of McDonald's restaurants relied are owned as a franchise.Both companies are huge global companies that are as successful as they are as they view the world as one place and not in terms of nation-state governments. Although both companies are similar In the sense that they operate globally they are both very different organizations. Lloy d TTS began in the UK and have bought other companies and diversified to gain its global recognition. McDonald's however, 1 OFF operates In ten T sector Ana stall manly operates alertly In ten A It galena global standing by franchising the brand and the products across the worldThere are also other key differences between the companies. As well as operating in different economic sectors, Researchers suggest that although both organizations operate as transnational organizations their global operations are completely different. Lloyd TTS is a ‘global organization' as its overseas operations are delivery of the same service to Just different consumers, whilst the same researchers would describe McDonald's as a ‘Multinational Organization' as it views much of its overseas operations as a portfolio of independently run businesses (Bartlett, 2000)On both Lloyd TTS and McDonald's there are major influences affecting them as they operate in the globalizes economy. Globalization and international companies arriving in individual national-states have always been met with a mixture of positive and negative opinions due to the instant challenge it brings to the uses and the very existence of the nation-state. There are currently 194 individual nation-states in the world (Rosenberg, 2009). Each state has its own common culture and has its own way of governing its state.With new technologies, transportation and communications and the fact that organizations are now creating a standardized way of living it can be assumed that the power and control once held by the nation-state is being severely reduced. Due to the claims by theorists such as Kindergà ¤rtner (1969) there has been much debate sparked into the existence of the nation-state and the uses of globalization. In the globalization debate there are three conflicting perspectives on the uses of the nation-state.The first perspective is that of the Hyper-Globalizes, who argue that we live in a borderless wo rld and the nation- state is no longer relevant. The Hyper- Globalizes view globalization as a new development and suggest that the world's cultures and experiences are becoming homogeneous through standardized global products. The second opinion is the ‘Skeptical Internationalists' who accept that globalization exists however believe that it's not new and the grounding globalizes who believe that quantitative date is Just as important as qualitative date in the debate.According to Dickens (2007:IPPP) the roles of the nation-state in the contemporary global economy has four key roles; containers of institutions and cultures, regulators of economic activities, competitors with other states and elaborators with other states and when globalization intrudes these roles its often met with a degree of negativity Lloyd TTS and McDonald's are diversifying into these individual nation-states and as a result are sometimes met with this negativity and political concern targeted towards t he hyper-globalizes perspective.These companies and most of the companies that are isolating are often from Western dominated economies and arrive with western values and cultural interests. Hilton (1998) suggests that one of the main negative impacts on these organizations and libations in general is that they are incorporating third world and developing economies into the global economy only as ‘passive consumers of standardized products and nothing more' suggesting that although these companies are operating globally the economic wealth and growth still lives within its original national economy which widens the gap between the rich and poor countries.Omaha (1995) considers the ‘standardization of culture' as a negative impact on globalization. These Uninominal nation-states Tanat companies Like Lloyd Dank Ana c an ass are penetrating have individual cultural values and beliefs. Both companies are bringing their Western cultural values into these individual nations an d creating a standardized culture within. McDonald's for example has a very western cultural style to its food, items on its menu such as ‘French fries' and ‘hamburgers' are very much western orientated foods.The very way in which McDonald's delivers its food in fast food restaurants, through American style diners and drive trough's again reflect the western cultural values which are now being adapted and ‘standardized' around the world. Omaha (1995) suggests that these changes can be seen as negative impacts and are seen as a challenge to the importance and use of a nation-state if the world is starting to live in a standardized way.There are many negative opinions in the role of the nation-state debate and evidence to suggest that we are beginning to live in a homogeneity environment however, there have been many recent events that have shown that despite the trend to globalization the nation-state is still vital and that we do not live in a homogeneity world. On e recent event that's affected nearly everyone is the global recession or the ‘Credit Crunch' the world is currently experiencing.The Credit Crunch can be defined as â€Å"a severe shortage of money or credit† (BBC, BBC NEWS, 2009) and is caused by banks not lending out money. Lloyd TTS is one of many financial institutions affected in the credit crunch due to the very nature of the business and the fact that deregulation in the global financial economy allowed banks to lend money in insecure ‘lax' borrowers, especially in the American mortgage economy Where billions of dollars was invested into mortgages made available to sub-prime borrowers (people with bad credit rating, no Jobs, no repayment amounts) at a low interest rate.When interest rates started to increase people began to default on borrowings which meant the value of these investments plummeted resulting in huge losses for banks globally (Badmouth, 2009), including Lloyd TTS. As a result of this lax len ding Lloyd and many other global banks were forced to write off millions of pounds of debts. Lloyd were ‘left 250 million short' (BBC 2007) which left them at a huge loss and unconfined to lend out more money. As a result of the financial difficulties Lloyd were forced to make over two thousand people redundant and were left to turn to the nation-state for help.In terms of the nation-sate debate it's evident in economic downturns such as the global ‘credit crunch' and the current recession the nation-state is vital for companies such as Lloyd to survive. The British government used tax-payers funds to ‘bail' out the bank by supplying them with over a billion pounds worth of investment. McDonald's, operating in a completely different economic sector completely survived the economic downturn as people looked to them for a cheap source of food and drink.McDonald's made a profit through the economic downturn and look set to do the same this year (McDonald's. Com 2009). Further to the debate that we do not live in a homogeneity world is the fact that states regulate trade, foreign investment and industry and each state takes an individual stance on how they do this. Policies towards imports and exports are individual in every state and McDonald's and Lloyd TTS have to comply with these policies in each individual state.

Human Factor In The Aircraft Cabin Essay

The term â€Å"Human factor† has grown increasingly popular as the commercial aviation industry has realized that human error, rather than mechanical failure, underlies most accidents and incidents. Human factor involves gathering information and putting it into practice to produce safety, comfort and effective human use. This is then translated into design, training policies and procedures to help humans perform better. The issues on safety should be addressed by ensuring proper and effective communication strategies. Also the ability of the flight crew to maintain situation awareness which involves being aware of what is happening around and understand how information is to be put into action. Pilots should be well trained to handle and monitor flight automation and instruments to prevent confusion and errors during take-off and landing. Disciplinary measures should also be emphasized to avoid situations like drinking or neglecting duties. It is important to go over safety and emergency checklists to ensure emergency equipments and other features specific to the aircraft type are in order and report to the pilot after the preflight check. Before takeoff, unserviceable or missing items must be reported and rectified. The cabin must be monitored for unusual smell or situations and maintain precaution like keeping door locked while fueling. The crew should assist with the loading of baggage, check for size and dangerous goods. They then must do a safety demonstration and monitor passengers as they walk them through the safety procedures, and also secure the cabin by ensuring tray tables are stowed, seats are in upright position and seatbelts are fastened before takeoff. The key role of the flight attendant should be safety provision and provide a care giving and customer service to passengers. Presentation and personal appearance is important to inspire passenger confidence. The crew flight attendants are expected to be dressed well and be friendly. Human factor specialists should ensure the sidewalls are analyzed and improved for increased passenger comfort as well as modification of the in-flight entertainment system. The In-flight Service Manager (ISM) and Customer Service Manager (CSM) should report when the cabin is secure for takeoff and landing. This ensures proper management and safe effective operation during both normal and emergency conditions.

Buying Behavior & Market Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buying Behavior & Market Analysis - Essay Example In this case, the company uses the ideal task of the internet of moving information to its benefit. This business model around eBay has gained a lot of success in the local American market. Moreover, the model has been taken to numerous foreign markets gaining a lot of success. Case in point, the model has been successful in the European markets in countries such as Germany, France, and England. However, replicating this success has proved to be a huge challenge for eBay in its Asian markets. In effect, there has been a failure of the model by eBay in Korea and China while its operations in other Asian markets experience slow growth. Therefore, this expose elucidates the factors contributing to eBay’s failure in establishing itself while using the global marketing concepts. The Korean subsidiary of eBay, Internet Auction, dominated the auction market over the internet in South Korea in 2004. In this case, the eBay subsidiary revenues accounted for a third of eBay’s reve nues in the Asian market. However, a Korean upstart called Gmarket overtook Internet Auction in terms of the market share and consequently revenues earnings significantly dropped. It is noteworthy that eBay’s principal rival, Yahoo!, held a 10% stake in the startup. Effectively, by the end of 2006, Metrix pointed out that the 17.2 million unique visitors in Gmarket surpassed the 17.1 million visitors for eBay (Ihlwan, 2006). On the other hand, Eachnet’s--the subsidiary unit of eBay in China--chief executive unexpectedly resigned. According to market analysts and researchers, the reason for the resignation was eBay’s loss of its top position in the Chinese internet auction market. In this case, Alibaba.com’s Tao Bao ranked first while eBay’s Eachnet followed. It is important to note that, the chief rival, Yahoo!, held 40% of Tao Bao’s venture. According to an agency, partly owned by the government, called China Internet Network Information Ce ntre quasi, Tao Bao led the online auction market in China with a 67% share while eBay’s Eachnet held 29% of the market share (Mangalindan, 2006). One factor that eBay never considered was that, the global approach in which online auction firms offered products across nations was practical in instances that competition was limited. In this case then, since eBay controlled the Asian market prior to entry of its competitors, it never did enough timing to know when to change its auctioning strategy. In addition, being the dominant player made eBay become more complacent. The complacency, critics claimed, was evidenced by eBay’s move in transferring its Chinese operations’ decision-making responsibilities to its headquarters in the United States after acquiring Eachnet. In fact, critics say that this strategy caused a collapse in communication with some instances where it took weeks to correct typos on their website (Lou & Feng, 2010). Meanwhile, eBay’s compe titors paid attention to grievances by eBay’s clients and vendors. Failure to time its entry into the Asian market, more so in Japan influenced heavily its Asian success. The company’s move to join the market five months after its rival Yahoo! failed in its quest to establish itself as the leader in the Asian online auction market. In this case, there is the significant beneficial factor in establishing a foothold by a first-mover in the online auctio

Strength of Material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strength of Material - Essay Example Stress can be defined as the force acting on a given area. This is mathematically represented as Robert hook investigated the behavior of material under tensile force and found out that the extension on materials was proportional to the applied load. This is called the hooks law. Hooks law apply up to the elastic limit. Continued application of load beyond the elastic limit results to the material becoming plastic, That is, its elongation is not proportional to the applied load and does not regain its original shape once the force is removed. The concept of stress was introduced by Cauchy in 1822; Cauchy found out that a body was subjected to surface and internal forces. These caused the deformation on the body. When stress is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of a body, it can be calculated using the formula (1), however, the stress is not uniformly distributed. Cauchy calculated the state of stress at a given point and found it to be given by the second order tensor given below. Another version of the Mohr stress circle is using the polar approach method. The Mohr stress circle can also be used for the determination of stress in the three dimensional plane. A special Mohr circle is drawn to calculate the nominal and shear stress in the three dimensional plane. ... Are the normal stresses. Where: Are the shear stresses Stress can also be calculated using the Mohr stress circle; this is the graphical representation of the stress. The diagrammatic representation of the Mohr stress circle is as shown below Fig 1 showing the Mohr stress circle Another version of the Mohr stress circle is using the polar approach method. The Mohr stress circle can also be used for the determination of stress in the three dimensional plane. A special Mohr circle is drawn to calculate the nominal and shear stress in the three dimensional plane. Other methods used in the determination of stress include the Biot stress tensor and the Kirchhoff stress tensor (Dieter, 1989). In general the determination of stress using the graphical methods was laborious and complex, one required a lot of skills to draw these circles and determine the normal and shear stress. The method had many mathematical errors. These methods have largely been replaced by computerized material strength analysis (Marsden & Hughes1994). Current methods for the evaluation of stress include the use of software's. Software's such as AutoCAD and solid works enable engineers to have a detailed analysis of the behavior of the designed product under loading. This helps in developing products that don't fail easily. Another program that is widely used is the Finite element analysis program. It enables the graphical representation of a designed engineering component under load. References Dieter, G. (1989). Mechanical Metallurgy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ferdinand, P. (1992). Mechanics of Materials. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Marsden, J. & Hughes, T. (1994). Mathematical Foundations of Elasticity. New York: Dover

Answering 10 questions regarding the Greeks from myth to reason Assignment

Answering 10 questions regarding the Greeks from myth to reason - Assignment Example The Greek political life demonstrates the best features of freedom through the perception that democracy can be considered a civic freedom, whereby there is direct participation of citizens. However, Greek political life demonstrates the best features of freedom through a requisite idea that freedom depends on restraining powers of the government. In this case, the capability of these reasons is related to the development of constitutionalism, while the limitation is the decline of civil freedom. Most of the Greek political experience was borrowed by the western worlds through the interaction related to trade, thereby making the political experience substantial to the western world in order for them to shape their political system in a way that could foster democracy. The process commenced when some thinkers rejected mythical explanations for the natural phenomena, whereby they broke the mythopoetic perception of the Near East, and conceived a new way of viewing the nature and society that was based on the western scientific philosophical traditions (Marvin, Chase, Jacob, and Jacob, 74). The Sophists and Socrates advanced the tradition of reason and humanism through the standards of living at the early stages, due to an obligation of banding themselves together into communities that had moral standards and laws. Both Plato and Aristotle were considered the greatest Greeks-Socrates, and they also shared philosophical attitudes such as scepticism, and a mistrust of possibility of absolute knowledge. Moreover, both of them applied this skepticism in their life to foster the rise of moral and political philosophy in Greece in an atmosphere of scepticism. However, unlike Aristotle, Plato was more positive, and he reproduced his master’s teachings and decided to carry them to a stage further. The Greek drama, art and historiography contributed to the tradition of reason and humanism through the

Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Global Leadership - Essay Example Jordan also offered a similar peace treaty a year later. The Israelites had to choose between expansion of their territories or having peace and security with Egypt. Israel chose expansion over security and this led to the 1973 war. The war was an indication to Israel that Egypt cannot be under estimated and was a force to reckon with. It was later that Israel had to agree on the peace treaty offered in 1971, but this time, the national rights of Palestinians were recognized (Chomsky, 2010, p. 2). Obstacles of the Israel Palestinian conflict Negative perception by the leaders in dealing with this conflict is indicated by the fact that leaders do not recognize the existence of the rival state. The outgoing Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres had stated that the Palestinian State would never exist. To make the matters worse, the incoming Prime Minister, Netanyahu, went on to describe the intended Palestinian state as left over fragments or fried chicken (Chomsky, 2010, p. 9). United States policy has been indicated as one of the obstacles hindering the end of the Israel Palestinian conflict. Chomsky suggests that if the United States changes its policy, just as it did towards South Africa, then Israel will be compelled to join the rest of the world (Chomsky, 2010, p. 10).

Experiential Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Experiential Marketing - Essay Example Based on the two definitions and in relation to the concept of marketing it is correct to state that experience is an opportunity that enables the audience to get firsthand knowledge on the facts associated with a certain event, product, and or service.The integration of experience to marketing practice led to the emergence of experiential marketing, which is described by Addis and Holbrook as â€Å"a form of advertising that focuses on helping consumers experience a brand.† Experiential marketing is different from the traditional forms of advertising since it engages all the critical senses of a targeted consumer with a particular product or service, thereby giving the targeted consumer a firsthand ‘feel’ of the product or service.This present essay seeks to critically review the nature, role, and development of experiential marketing, evaluate its drawbacks, and discuss its potential contribution to theory and practice. Relationship between stimulus and reaction is a process that led to the notion of experience within the field of marketing, which acknowledges the marketing knowledge that consumers or the target audience already have. It is because of the marketing knowledge that consumers have, that it became necessary for marketers to engage their consumers in a manner that is memorable unlike the traditional forms of marketing. Grundey stated that through this memorable experiences, marketers are able to engage the audience from various fronts that include spirituality, socially, mentally, physically, and emotionally. Through this engagement Grundey (2009 p137) stated that marketers are able to create sensual perception among the target audience, which guarantees them reliability on their observations and/or the facts that they have read. Therefore, it can be argued that because of the marketing knowledge that consumers currently have, it has been impossible to build a trustworthy relationship with them because of their rational behavio r and skepticism on adverts that are purely one-side i.e. mainly communicate about the benefits or advantages of a particular product and/ or service (Katona (1953, p 307-318). By providing an experience in order to communicate to the target audience about the benefits/ advantages of a particular product and/ or services, marketers enable the audience to have an independent view that is devoid of any forceful persuasion (Lee and Overby, 2004, 54-67). This result in the audiences building trust on the business organization and its associated products and/ or services, as it was not in a hurry to influence their purchasing decision but rather it focused more on providing a memorable experience to the audience that can be used to make a rational purchasing decision. Affirming the previously mentioned argument, Shmitt (1999, p 23-54) developed a framework that contained key elements of experiential marketing. One of the elements is sense of which Shmitt (1999 p 58) stated that sense, wh ich is offered through experience is important in differentiating a product/ service and consumers will develop a sense of value on the aforementioned product or service. The second element is ‘feel’ of which Shmitt (1999, p 34) stated that a clear and positive feeling on a particular service or product is capable of influencing its consumption. The third element is ‘think’ and Shmitt (1999, p 41) on this element stated that experiential marketing, accord the target audience an opportunity to conduct a critical and logical thinking on a company and its associated products/ services. The fourth element is ‘